Wallace Group Strategic analysis Essay -- essays research papers

The Wallace Group is an organization that makes and creates specialized items and frameworks. It has three essential operational gatherings comprising of hardware, plastics, and synthetic substances. By a wide margin the biggest resource of the Group is the hardware. This advantage is around the size of both the plastics and synthetic gatherings of the organization. It additionally contributes the most to the net gain at roughly 70%. The plastics and compound divisions were procured to differentiate the pay of the organization from the first hardware gathering.      The Wallace Group at present faces a few issues with it organization according to inappropriate administration. In the first place, the organization appears to experience issues in the employing procedure. It appears that the organization is centered around cutting expense instead of searching for successful business arrangements. For instance, rather than making an administration creating system to prepare and enroll chiefs, the organization depends on advancing specialized staff. The cost cutting methodology is likewise blocking the employing of qualified architects. The organization centers around recruiting workers in any event conceivable pay as an option in contrast to paying the necessary sum for qualified aptitude. Another issue that emerges is un-normalized techniques for gathering information and introducing data. For instance both the VP of promoting and the chief of cutting edge frameworks gather and use information for advertising purposes. Their concern l ies in the way that the two chiefs are utilizing various information and arrangements for basically a similar reason, and along these lines they make repetition and higher outstanding tasks at hand. By a wide margin, the most vital issue confronting the gathering is the absence of vision and heading from the president, Mr. Wallace himself. His expansion program that brought about the obtaining of the compound and plastics divisions needed forward looking vision. He basically required the organizations to keep up a productive activity with no heading to improve.      In terms of need, I would initially suggest that the Wallace Group execute a corporate administration strategy natural to a business of its size. This would necessitate that the organization receive a governing body. A top managerial staff has five obligations: 1.     Setting corporate methodology, by and large course, strategic, visio... ... the executives procedures from them. This is especially strong methodology since the strategies utilized have just been tried and the outcomes can be anticipated. The other hypothesis I would use to instruct Mr. Wallace is the hierarchical learning hypothesis. It expresses that â€Å"†¦organizations modify protectively to a changing situation and use information upsettingly to improve the fit between the association and its environment.† (Wheelen, pg8) To use this hypothesis the organization must react to the progressions to lessen negative effects and position itself to make a move. This considers the organization to basically gain from its condition and lead to its own advancements in key administration. References Wheelen T.L., Hunger J.D., Strategic Management and Business Policy Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (2004) Inlet Area Industrial Education Council, Employee turnover cost table recovered Jun 10, 2005 http://www.baiec.org/Employee%20Turnover%20Costs.PDF#search='employee%20turnover%20costs' Data Week Issue 1041 Wal-Mart to Suppliers: Clean Up Your Data recovered Jun 10, 2005 http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsh&an=17226667&loginpage=Login.asp

Investigate data representations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Examine information portrayals - Essay Example The above plan can work fine as long as there are â€Å"unsigned† numbers. A technique must be developed to speak to â€Å"signed† numbers with predictable portrayal of negative just as positive numbers. A few portrayal frameworks exist to speak to marked numbers like the sign-and-greatness, one’s supplement, two’s supplement, and so on. Sign-and-extent and one’s supplement both utilize the most noteworthy piece to speak to the indication of the number with 0 for positive and 1 for negative sign. An oddity emerges in the portrayal of the number zero itself. Since the most huge piece means the sign, a zero can be both â€Å"negative†, as in 10000000, just as â€Å"positive†, as in 00000000. This vagueness has driven present day PC frameworks configuration to receive the two’s supplement which doesn't have this equivocalness. Two’s supplement speaks to positive numbers by changing over basically from decimal to paired. In this way, a decimal 4 of every 4-piece portrayal would get 0100. Zero is extraordinarily spoken to by 0000. Negative numbers are first supplemented and afterward a 1 is added to the outcome. A conventional equation would be 2N-A+1 where N is the quantity of bits utilized and An is the number to be changed over. See case of changing over decimal - 3 to two’s supplement underneath: Number juggling capacities can be absolutely expansion based and no deduction stays essential. Deduction can be performed by including the two’s supplement portrayals. The subsequent number is the two’s portrayal of conclusive outcome. The scope of remarkably representable numbers in N-bit frameworks are - 2N-1 to +-2N-1-1 (Dandamudi 886). Drifting point numbers are spoken to in an unexpected way. They are partitioned into three sections, the sign bits for example and mantissa, the type and the mantissa. For instance, if 205.347 is to be spoken to, it is first brought to a â€Å"normal form† of 2.05347 x 102 where 205347 is the mantissa and the intensity of 2 is the

Earning Power Heres How Much Top Influencers Can Make on Instagram and YouTube

Earning Power Heres How Much Top Influencers Can Make on Instagram and YouTube Influence the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself.As we look at this definition of the word influence, we can see how over time, marketers came to the idea that influence can be monetized.Marketing and sales are all about having an effect on someone their behavior and choices, and influencers are a way of doing that.Not only are influencers real people who have their own jobs and private lives, thus making them more relatable to us than some paid commercial actor, but we also have some sort of relationship with them because we follow them.We trust influencers more than we trust companies or actors because influencers are real people they have their own name, character and interests.Social media influencers are becoming one of the most utilized channels companies use to help their product or service reach the desired audience.Today, there are even companies whose main job is to help you find an influenc er who matches your criteria and can help you achieve your desired goals.Today, we will give the estimate of how much youre able to make as an influencer on these two platforms.The article is split into sections to help you understand both platforms in a better way.We will cover how much money Instagram influencers make, how they do it and how you can do it too, and then we will cover the same topics for YouTube.Enjoy!HOW MUCH CAN TOP INFLUENCERS MAKE ON INSTAGRAM?The general rule of thumb is influencers get $100 per 10k followers.With all of this buzz around influencers, especially those on currently the most popular platforms Instagram and YouTube, one begs to question how much money do these people really make?Of course, the answer to this question depends on a lot of factors:the number of followers/subscribers they have,the offers they get,the engagement of people who follow them,their production costs,campaign length,their previous work and results, etc.If were to go into more detail, heres how the calculation looks like for sponsored posts:5-10k followers cost $100-$50010-25k followers cost $500-$80025-50k followers cost $800-$1,50050k-100k followers cost $1,500-$2,000100k-250k followers cost $2,000-$6,000250k-1mil followers cost $6,000-$10,0001mil+ followers cost $10,000But, its important to mention that these are all estimates. Just like you cant standardize how much a musician makes per performance, you cant standardize how much influencers charge their services.People who have exactly the same number of followers can charge at different rates.This means that the market dictates the prices, and the influencer market is rising day by day. And no wonder that is happening, when 800 million people actively use Instagram every day.When we talk about how much money companies are willing to invest in influencers, we see that this budget is as big as its ever been in 2019.Before, it was common practice that influencers promote a brand in exchange for getting free products/services from it, but influencers evolved and now they demand a considerable amount of money to promote something.Source: later.comAs for Instagram stories, which are perhaps even more effective than regular posts, the prices also vary.One Story with around 15,000 views can cost around $300. The more stories someone opts out for, the lower the price is usually.Influencers usually offer different packages that they offer when making a sponsorship deal.Heres an example of a lifestyle influencers offer (the influencer has 118k followers): Source: kinstacdn.comWHAT TYPES OF INFLUENCERS ARE THERE ON INSTAGRAM?Every influencer is different than the other.They vary in audiences that follow them, in engagement rates, in the number of followers and so on.If youre going to do business with influencers, or you aspire to become one, its important to know the 4 basic categories:Nano-influencersMicro-influencersMacro-influencersMega-influencersLets take a look at all of them one by one!i. Nano-influencersFollowers count: Less than 1000.They are the newest type of influencers brands are approaching right now.Brands found out that even though some people have a limited audience, that audience trusts that person because they know he/she isnt a big influencer.Nano-influencers are regular day-to-day people we encounter and that is where their power lies.They have a strong impact in their communities because of the trusting relationship they built with their followers. Think of it like this, which restaurant are you rather going to vi sit:one that David Beckham recommends to youone that your best friend recommends to youThe majority would choose the latter because they trust their best friend to know better what is good for them.Since posts from Nano-influencers seem more authentic than posts from bigger influencers, they tend to have the highest engagement rates.The drawback here is that Nano-influencers have a very limited reach which isnt good for big campaigns.So, if youre looking for a targeted niche and expect high engagement, pick a Nano-influencer and collaborate with them instead of someone bigger.ii. Micro-influencersFollower count: 1,000 100,000These people are usually focused around one topic and are considered experts in it. These topics can be:gamingsportshealthpersonal growthjewelry, etc.They are often perceived as a leader in that industry so their followers take their opinions and recommendations seriously.This is where marketers come in, and use that influence to spread awareness about their br and.Heres an example: a person who became popular and gained followers by playing video games is competent to say which games and brands are good. You will trust this person because of their expertise in the area.Brands like to cooperate with Micro-influencers because they are the perfect balance of a good price and a good size of an audience.They also usually get high rates of engagement.However, this doesnt mean that Micro-influencers are cheap, some of them can pack a price.iii. Macro-influencersFollowers count: 100,000 1,000,000They are in-between Mega and Micro-influencers. Unlike most Micro-influencers, this type of influencers probably gained their fame through the internet and social media.Brands work with Macro-influencers because they can reach masses while still having a specific target audience.For example, when brands want to reach students, the best course of action would be to pick the right Macro-influencer in that field and partner up with him or her.Since companie s pay as much as $5 million for 30 seconds on air during the Super Bowl so they can reach 100 million people, who are very diverse, it doesnt come as a surprise why they would rather pay less an influencer who has a niche market.iv. Mega-influencersFollowers count: 1,000,000+The highest category of Instagram influencers.These people are usually celebrities, who are more famous than influential.What does that mean?Well, people love celebrities for their work, but would you take a recommendation from a celebrity?The majority of people don’t pay attention to what celebrities promote because they know they are paid good money to do it.Mega-influencers are the most expensive ones and give the lowest conversion rates because their audience is so broad.Novak Djokovic is followed by people of all ages, all around the world, who all have different spending standards and interests. Few of them will buy a Seiko watch he promotes because of him.The relationship between Mega-influencers and th eir individual followers is more distant. They cant possibly reply to all the messages and comments they get, which results in worse community management and relationships.Although these people cant really get a message out to specific people, they can get it out to a huge amount of people. It all comes at a price a sponsored post can cost around $1 million.All in all, Mega-influencers make a lot of money by promoting brands and they are a great way to reach masses.This is why the product or service they promote should also be for the masses, with the goal to spread awareness to a lot of people of different demographics and behavior.No wonder the common saying goes the larger the influencer, the lower ROI (Return on Investment).HOW MUCH CAN TOP INFLUENCERS MAKE ON YOUTUBE?Over 1.8 billion people log in to YouTube every month to watch something on the most known video website on the world.You know that when you go on YouTube, youre not going to watch just one video, youre going to watch many more.YouTube is very good at keeping your attention on it, so its logical that influencers have a huge impact on their viewers here.According to research conducted by Forbes, YouTube channels with more than 7 million subscribers can earn about $300,000 for a video partnership.This is why partnerships became the main source of income for YouTubers, and ad-revenue became the second.While views get you around 70 cents per 1,000 views, no wonder this source of income is often neglected when talking about how much YouTubers make.However, it can be tricky for YouTube influencers to promote something, especially if their subscribers know they havent used that product or service before.YouTube is known for its comment section and trolls and haters that can be found there, much more than on Instagram. So, comments stating that the influencer became a sellout because they promote a certain brand can happen.This is very tricky for YouTube creators because their relationships with su bscribers are usually closer than relationships between Instagram influencers and their followers.YouTube creators make content that depends on people watching it, so they need to take care of their community much more than Instagrammers.This is very good for brands who partner up with YouTube influencers because the stronger the relationship between the influencer and the audience, the better the results from the sponsorship will be.HOW DO INFLUENCERS MAKE MONEY?Its common knowledge that the job description of an influencer consists of community management, content creation, design, photographing, video editing, public speaking, copywriting and so on.But in what ways do influencers make money by doing all of this stuff.Well, there is a vast number of ways influencers help brands promote themselves, lets cover a couple of main ones:1. Brand AmbassadorsThis is one of the most effective ways a brand can promote itself. Companies make a long-term agreement with the influencer to become the face of the brand someone who is known as a trusted user of that brand.For example, Messi did this for Pepsi, Ronaldo for Nike, Novak Djokovic for Seiko, and so on.These brand ambassadors are paid on a retainer basis. Its their job to create or improve awareness of a brand among their audience. They do this through their social media channels.On YouTube, it is very common practice that gamers become brand ambassadors of a company who is willing to provide them with hardware or games in exchange.Companies choose their brand ambassadors so they fit the product/service, have a desired target audience and are in line with what the company does and values.For example, if you want to promote your new alcoholic beverage, youre not going to choose a YouTuber who is under 18 years old and has followers who are the same age as him/her.2. Sponsored Posts on Social MediaContrary to brand ambassadors deals which are made to last a long time, sponsored posts are a better short-term strategy .This is the most common way influencers make money, especially when theyre fresh in the influencer waters.The influencer creates a post, two, or more where he/she features the brand to his/her followers. The goals of these posts can vary, the brand may want to:promote a new product or serviceexpose an existing product or service to a new marketbring awareness to a cause etc.You can recognize these posts on social media platforms as they usually state somewhere in the description that that picture, video or blog is to promote a partnership between the influencer and the brand.3. Affiliate MarketingWhen a sale is generated from content the influencer created and shared, and when the percentage of the sale goes to the influencer, that is called affiliate marketing.This is a commission-based agreement and is one of the most effective ways brands measure how much the influencer is contributing to their sales.Its also one of the best ways to motivate influencers to create better content and drive more sales. Since they get a cut out of each one, the more sales the more money they make.Affiliate marketing can also work as a pay-per-click or pay-per-lead model, where brands pay you by how much clicks or leads you generate for them.This makes the job easier for the influencer since its not in his/her responsibility that their followers actually buy the product or service.Instead, their responsibility is to get their followers interested in a product or service, and its up to the company to close the sale.Affiliate marketing is good for brands for measuring the actual influence the influencer has. On the other hand, its good for influencers to make money by promoting things they really like or would recommend anyway.However, affiliate marketing is unpredictable and unstable, so its usually not the main source of money for the influencer.For example, gamers on YouTube are prone to promoting gaming websites, while fitness influencers usually promote fitness clothing line s, gyms or health products.4. Podcasts and WebinarsA lot of people are starting their own podcasts. You dont need to have previous radio host experience, nor expensive equipment.All you need is a good microphone, audio editing software and something to talk about!The most common way people earn money with podcasts is through sponsorships. Brands are willing to pay you for shout-outs about them.Think of the last podcast youve listened to, it probably has ads at the beginning, at the end of it, or both.Another way influencers can monetize their podcasts is by charging their followers to listen to them, but this is rarely the case.Webinars are great because they give the value of a seminar without the hassle for anyone to get outside of their hose. Its an education done online and is supposed to give value to people who show up for it, by educating them in a highly-engaging matter.These can be live or pre-reordered, and influencers make money by selling spots for the webinar.5. EventsA n influencer can make money by doing store appearances.Brands are willing to pay a lot of money to get the influencer to show up somewhere and draw attention that way.A lot of people are ready to do almost anything to get a picture with their favorite influencer, so they show up to the event.Saying that an influencer will show up, or even host an event is a great way to build hype and awareness. Never underestimate the power of an influencer who just needs to meet and greet people.6. In-Kind PartnershipsSome influencers prefer that they rather get an in-kind form of payment, instead of money, when they really like the product or service.Its good for companies to find influencers who already like and use their product or service and partner up with them.They give them free in-kind and in return influencers promote something they really like. Its a win-win situation.  7. Digital ProductsE-products are very easy to create and produce and are also very scalable. This is a very popular w ay influencers can make money.They can create an e-book, a guide, a program, an app or a template and promote it to their followers.This way, influencers create something tangible that they can give to their followers/subscribers. These products are created based on their expertise on a topic.People buy these products because of the trust they have in the people who created them.Another way to go about creating a digital product is to co-create it with another brand or influencer. It is common practice for YouTubers to collaborate and merge their audiences by doing that.People who like one influencer will be drawn to another influencer or brand because they are similar, so co-operating really is one of the strongest strategies out there.HOW TO BECOME AN INFLUENCER?If you are passionate about social media and you love interacting and influencing other people through digital channels, becoming an influencer can be a great profession for you! Influencers are among the top 10 influentia l factors that have an impact on peoples buying choices.Lets take a step by step look at how you can become an influencer yourself!1. Choose something youre passionate about and make content about it.Why not make a profession out of traveling, or gaming, or bodybuilding, like so many people already did?All you have to do is document your story of doing this thing you love and eventually if your content is good, people will notice and start to follow you for more.2. Post consistently.One of the most important things to do to succeed as an influencer who is in the making is to post content consistently.You might think that the quality of your content is more important than quantity, but keep in mind how fast this world is moving.If you dont post something for a while, you will lose on relevance and people will easily forget you and make room for those who can feed their hunger for more content.3. Engage with your followers/subscribers.This is the main way how you form a relationship w ith them.A relationship that is based on trust creates room for people to influence one another.Remember to read and respond to as many comments as you can, to reply to messages and to give value to your fans all the time.4. Tag the right brands.At first, promote the things you already like and tag the brand so they can see it.Once you get good enough someone will notice you and approach you for sponsorship.Dont be pushy at first with your pricing, youll have room for bigger prices when you become a more experienced influencer.5. Know what is important for brands.To improve your chances of getting your next sponsorship, focus on achieving the desired goals of brands you already work with. If you help brands achieve their goals, they will be all over you! This infographic shows what brands value most: Source: singlegrain.comFINAL THOUGHTSIn conclusion, although its impossible to know precisely how much every Instagram or YouTube influencer makes, we can say for sure that this profession wont leave you making ends meet if youre good at it.In the digital age, your influence isnt limited by physical space, so think about using social media to spread it and earn money by doing it.Hopefully, this article answered your questions and helped you better understand why brands are willing to spend so much money on influencers.Who knows, maybe one day we will interview you to tell us how much money you make as an influencer!

Business Systems And Process / Operations Management

BSS001-2 Business Systems and Process/Operations Management ASSIGNMENT – INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT (Databases) I. A Database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can be easily accessed, updated and managed. Databases can be classified in order to the type of the content: full-text, bibliographic, images and numeric. For any organisation a database in needed to track information about people, clients, including people who support or who might support their programs and services. To manage such information can be crucial but a database allows you to use an incredible variety of information very easily. Some benefits of using a database are that: The database is storing information in electronic records that can be†¦show more content†¦The product catalogue will be held by the product database comprising product names, description, price, product availability, delivery time and customer reviews. The customer database will hold accounts with addresses, payment information, order history, aiming at improving service, increasing personalization and reducing transaction costs (Da Silveira, 2003). This would definitely reduce customer ordering time thanks to the information possessed in the database. With a good database they can analyse customer behaviour and perception, and provide recommendation about improvement concerning the online business (on the website; i.e. customisation of pages, promotions; or delivery network etc). II. Now a day’s Data Mining tools for Customer Relationship Management are used by several industries including banking, finance, retail, insurance, telecommunications, database marketing, sales forecasting, telecommunications, etc. Data mining is often referred to as â€Å"analytical intelligence† and is helping organizations for a better view of their business, to understand their customer needs and increase the effectiveness of the organization in the long run. The retail industry that is utilizing data mining can gain competitive advantage against the others that don’t. For retailers, data mining can be used to provide information on product sales trends, customer buying habits and preferences. The data mining approach is complementary

The Impact of Inflation on Share Prices of Tobacco Industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4354 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 1.1 Overview The economies of the world highly depend on the environment and surrounding. These include various economic and social factors as well, which affect the businesses. The share price of any firm is also dependent on such variables beside a companys own profitability and performances. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Impact of Inflation on Share Prices of Tobacco Industry" essay for you Create order In past researches, it has been observed that the rate of inflation is inversely proportional to the share prices in developing countries, while this relationship is somewhat neutral in developed countries such as USA and UK, Lessard (1980) suggested. In any case, there has been a long-term impact of inflation on stock prices. 1.2 Research Problem Inconsistent behavior of stock market and share price has been observed in different countries with respect to the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Furthermore, type of industry is another factor which results in variation of the behavior. This study analyzes the impact inflation (CPI) accounts for, specifically on the share price of tobacco industry of KSE-100 index in Pakistan. 1.3 Hypotheses H1: CPI Predicts Share Price for Pakistan Tobacco. H2: CPI Predicts Share Price for Lakson Tobacco. H3: CPI Causes Share Price for Pakistan Tobacco. H4: CPI Causes Share Price for Lakson Tobacco. H5: CPI of Today explains the CPI of future. H6: Todays Share Prices of Pakistan Tobacco explain the future share prices of Pakistan Tobacco. H7: Todays Share Prices of Lakson Tobacco explain the future share prices of Lakson Tobacco. 1.4 Outline of the Study The research studies the impact of consumer price index (CPI) on the share price of tobacco industry in Pakistan. The research also studies the positive or negative impact of inflation, and the extent to which inflation affects the share prices of KSE-100 index tobacco companies. 1.5 Definitions Consumer Price Index (CPI) Price index is used for measuring inflation. It measures price level with respect to a selected base year. There are different kinds indices used for measuring inflation. Consumer price index (CPI), sensitive price index (SPI), and wholesale price index (WPI) are used in Pakistan. This research is based on consumer price index (CPI) which measures the price level at retail level, directly impacting the consumers spending and saving behavior. CPI in Pakistan is calculated using retail prices of 374 items in 35 cities. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Several authors have previously analyzed the relationship between inflation and share prices. Cohn and Lessard (1980) found that there is a negative relationship between nominal inflation and share prices in many countries. From investors point of view, it is hard to trace the factors which are playing influencing part along with inflation in changing the stock market behavior. It was also found that factors including change in risk-free rate which affects long term earnings, variation in risk premium, and the variation in actual growth. It was also observed that there were systematic errors at investors end while calculating stock prices when there was high inflation. Crosby and Otto (2000) analyzed inflation and its impact on capital stock using time-series data of many countries, and found that there is a long-term impact of inflation on capital stock in most countries where inflation is not super neutral. In most cases, it was quite difficult to trace any relationship bet ween the two when there is neutral inflation behavior in a country. It also revealed that most economists consider a negative relationship between stock market and inflation. The reason for such behavior is due to inclusion of both public and private stock in analysis, while both stocks usually have different responses to the inflation. Inclusion of both created a thin line between near-to-none relation and a positive long-term impact. It was suggested that individual countries must be analyzed first, reason stated, different factors are exclusive to countries which accounted as one of the reason. Interest, taxation, and impact of other economic factors on capital markets including private and public, can be treated separately and differences can be identified for a reliable analysis. Garber (1982) argued that the hyperinflation in Germany resulted in some transition costs which were the results of non-subsidizing of investments in private sector. Similar behaviors from state authorities lead to a positive relationship among private stocks and the inflation. Furthermore, different treatments of tax departments nominal interest deductions and depreciation often results in such relationship between the two variables within a country. Durre and Giot (2005) used Fed model to test the relationship between stock prices, earnings, and interest rates while aiming at the possibility of a long-term relationship. Fed model relates the government bond yield of 10 years with stock yield. It also argued the theoretical flaws of the model, and arrived at opinion that it does not take into account the issue of inflation illusion correctly. Therefore, its result incorrectly show lowered stock prices with the increase in inflation. While on the other hand, low inflation results in higher Price-to-earnings ratio. During the analysis of 13 countries by Durre and Giot (2005), results showed that there is undoubtedly a long-term relationship among earnings, stock prices , and bond yield in more developed countries such as United States and United Kingdom. But, the bond yields relationship is not considerably significant, and therefore it does not affect stock market equilibrium significantly. Considering the short term impact, a relationship between stock returns and bond yield was found. It was due to the reason that most analyst emphasize on valuation ratios such as price-to-earnings ratio. Argument that low earning yields and high stock prices are the result of low interest rates was proved wrong. Examining the relationship among macroeconomic variables and stock market, Adam and Tweneboah (2008) revealed that macroeconomic variables such as inflation, interest rates, net foreign direct investment and exchange rate have a significant impact on share prices in the long run. This long-run analysis was tested using Johansens multivariate co-integration test. It also revealed the positive correlation between inflation and share prices. Similar fi ndings were from Anari and Kolari (2001) where results also revealed that stock market provides hedge against inflation, while long-term relation was evident among inflation and share prices. Comparing interest rates, FDI, exchange rate and inflation as an impacting factor on share prices, as tested by Adam and Tweneboah (2008), the interest rates affects the share prices more significantly than inflation and therefore it was an indicator for investors to pay attention on interest rates. Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rates impact were next in line. CPIs impact is minimal when compared to those macroeconomic variables. Analysis of relation between inflation and real stock returns by Day (1984) showed a consistent negative correlation between the two variables. It argued that inflation is directly created and controlled by economys supply of money by government. Analyzed was the market with equilibrium and rational investors. The opinion varied when it studied the relat ion of other economic factors and relationship beyond just inflation and asset pricing. The model suggests the variability in asset pricing and it implies that consumption and investment decision of a firm results in variability in consumption which is lower than the total output. The rational expectations and market efficiency were seen consistent with the variability of asset prices. Fama (1981) is of the opinion that there is a negative relationship between share prices and inflation. It argued that this is because of a prominent negative linkage among inflation and real activity. While, positive relation is found between share prices and real activity. Since the 3 variables are linked to each other, the final share prices and inflation have an inverse relation. Later the evidence is mixed when negative coefficient turns insignificant in the regression after base money growth is also added to the model. Nevertheless, the share prices always reacted negatively to the inflation. On the other hand, the movement of share prices is considered positive with inflation since returns from real assets are claimed to be real returns. Therefore, the shares are considered a hedge against inflation. Kool and Hafer (1986) research based on the findings of Fama (1981) and argued that negativity of stock prices and inflation is because of a inverse correlation between unexpected inflation and the output. Evaluating the post-1950 period it is found that real activity has an impact on share prices and the impact of inflation on share prices is quite different from zero. Post 1980 results favor the Fama Hypothesis. While, the results from pre-1950 period goes straight in favor of orthodox theory where a positive correlation between real activity and stock returns noticed dominating the inflation impact and future activity. New York Stock Exchange Index declined by 68 percent during 1965 to 1981, and the dividends and returns were fallen close to zero during the period . As suggested by Fama (1981), the higher inflation rate is the main reason that caused such downfall in the market. It was also observed that tax system was also to be blamed for higher inflation which resulted in share price issue. Feldstein and Martin (1980) also argued that tax system is somehow responsible for the inflation. Historic cost method of depreciation and capital gain taxation are the factors which cause the stock returns to fall with the increase in inflation. While, it also decreases the value of the debt a firm holds, and therefore the return on bonds are also reduced. The expectation of increase in tax and inflation has an effect to some extent on share prices. Another reason was debated by Malkiel (1979) suggesting that the decline of Stock Exchange in USA occurred while there was an evident risk of capital investments during 1970s. It shows that impact on a firms capital due to gross marginal return increased after 1965 which also resulted in the riskiness of investor returns from holding stocks. Increase volatility of stock returns is also observed which shows the variance of return on NYSE Index. During the period, variance continued to increase, and this fluctuations caused variation in firms gross marginal return on capital and increment in variance of inflation as well. Unforeseen events, such as, fluctuations in regulatory, exchange rate, and competition of market players, that affect capital gains and losses are usually unrealized. Thus, it makes it difficult to measure the return on capital smoothly. But, the variance can still be calculated from the data available at stock markets. Malkiel is of the opinion that whatever these fluctuations do, but it definitely affect the business environment and makes it more uncertain. Fama (1981) results also points indirectly to the correlation real economic variables and gross marginal return on capital. The volatility of gross return is linked to the volatility of inflation, which h as a negative correlation with returns when unanticipated. On another end, volatility is also responsible for riskiness of bonds. Though, it is unclear if this volatility increases the share value while making bonds riskier, and not the other parameters such as tax rates. Pindyck (1983) found that behaviour of gross marginal return on capital is the actual reason affecting share prices. Analysis discusses that there are controversies regarding the variance since results showed it doubled while other authors are of the opinion that expectation of return fell. The two changes actually depend on how investors consider this risk and make decisions accordingly, analysis suggests. Developed model is simple and only utilized asset returns, asset demands, and share prices. Though, the model limiting factors were known to be reliance on rational share valuation, income streams in consumption, and consideration of only two assets in portfolios. Use of a partial equilibrium framework was al so another limiting factor. These limitations made it difficult to analyze the results but to an appreciable extent, it proved that share price increases when there is an increase in capital stock, while there is a negative relation between inflation and returns. Investors perception of risk is another issue Pindyck considers difficult to measure. Analysis emphasized that it can be measured to a good acceptable level using sample variance of stock market returns, but the use of survey data is even better in measuring it. Analysis also argued that non-negligible probability of economic catastrophe makes the capital risky even if the volatility in stock returns does not exist. Subhani (2010) found that there is a relationship between KSE-100 Index and CPI. Though, the relationship is negative. Analysis also found that it is participants perception which causes inconsistent effect to trading. Participants response to the CPI announcements varies and causes declining trade volume variably. Schwert (1981) analyzed daily stock returns and concluded that any unexpected inflation or a negative news regarding stock market reacts in a negative response from stock market as well. Meaning, if inflation rises, the stock price falls. Feldstein (1983) found that higher inflation rate results in decreasing ratio of share prices to before-tax earnings. The main factors that cause it are historic-cost depreciation and the increasing tax on capital gains. Both factors, caused by inflation, decrease the return on capital. It also revealed that investors are often responding differently to tax related news, and at times the share prices fall even if the demand price per share is increased by inflation. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Method of Data Collection Secondary data was used for conducting this research. Data of consumer price index (CPI) was collected from Federal Bureau of Statistics (statpak.gov.pk) and Economic survey of Pakistan. Share prices of Pakistan Tobacco Company and Lakson Tobacco Company was collected from ksestocks.com and Taurus Securities, a capital management firm. 3.2 Sample Size A sample of 238 observations has been used in the study. Monthly consumer price index from January 1991 to October 2010 has been used. CPI is taken as base year set to 1991. While daily share price of tobacco companies were converted into monthly averages for the same period. Yearly data with 20 observations was analyzed to compare the results with monthly analysis. 3.3 Research Model Same model is used for predicting the share price of Pakistan Tobacco Company and Lakson Tobacco. SPÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯ = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯2) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯3) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ Where, SP is Share Price of the company, INF is rate of inflation, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯ is selected case, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± is constant, and ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ is error. Models for both companies were developed for two scenarios, data without auto-correlation, and data having auto-correlation. Auto-correlation was removed by applying square root on rate of inflation and share prices, and log transformation on transformed variables. Removal of auto-correlation resulted in following models. Model for Pakistan Tobacco: (Yearly) SPPakTobacco = -0.444 + 0.161(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯) + 0.469(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯2) + 0.073(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯3) (Monthly) SPPakTobacco = -0.440 + 0.360(INFà Æ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯) + 0.443(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯2) 0.440(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯3) Model for Lakson Tobacco: (Yearly) SPLaksonTobacco = 0.002 + 1.398(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯) 0.008(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯2) 0.220(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯3) (Monthly) SPLaksonTobacco = 0.048 + 1.428(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯) 0.040(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯2) 0.225(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯3) Auto-correlation was present in non-transformed variables. Following models were created when auto-correlation was not removed. Model for Pakistan Tobacco: (Yearly) SPPakTobacco = 258.940 2.986(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯) + 0.012(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯2) 0.000001(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯3) (Monthly) SPPakTobacco = 242.534 2.654(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯) + 0.010(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯2) 0.000001(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯3) Model for Lakson Tobacco: (Yearly) SPLaksonTobacco = 725.421 11.521(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯) + 0.054(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯2) 0.0000068(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯3) (Monthly) SPLaksonTobacco = 424.803 7.050(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯) + 0.035(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯2) 0.0000043(INFÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯3) 3.4 Statistical Technique Statistical technique used in this research is Cubic Regression. Data is transformed into new variable with square root transformation, and then log transformation on that transformed variable, to remove the auto-correlation. Two variables are taken into account for each model and share price of both tobacco companies are predicted separately. Having said this, two variables used in each model are share price and rate of inflation, both are having cubic relation. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 4.1 Findings and Interpretation of the results Yearly Data Analysis was first done on yearly data and then on monthly data. Data had to be transformed since it was not following normal distribution and to remove auto-correlation. Table 4.1.1 Tests of Normality Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Zscore(t_cpi) .079 20 .200* .981 20 Zscore(t_pakt) .091 20 .200* .974 20 Zscore(t_lakt) .157 20 .200* .943 20 Sig values of Shapiro-Wilk suggest that data is normal. Pakistan Tobacco Table 4.1.2 Model Summary R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate .741 .550 .465 27.029 Table 4.1.3 ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Regression 14275.152 3 4758.384 6.513 Residual 11689.029 16 730.564 Total 25964.180 19 With the presence of auto-correlation, model summary suggests that cpi explains 55% of share price for Pakistan Tobacco. The suggested model is also considered fit since sig value in ANOVA table is less than 0.05 Table 4.1.4 Model Summary R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate .624 .390 .276 .851 Table 4.1.5 ANOVA Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Regression 7.409 3 2.470 3.409 Residual 11.591 16 .724 Total 19.000 19 After applying transformation, cpi explains 39% of share price for Pakistan Tobacco, while the model is considered fit. But, the sig value in ANOVA table is not far below 0.05. Lakson Tobacco Table 4.1.6 Model Summary R R Square Adjusted R Square .947 .897 .877 Table 4.1.7 ANOVA Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Regression 363646.177 3 121215.392 46.359 Residual 41835.309 16 2614.707 Total 405481.485 19 With auto-correlation presence, consumer price index explains 89.7% of share price for Lakson Tobacco. Sig value of ANOVA is also less than 0.05. Therefore, the model is considered fit. Table 4.1.8 Model Summary R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate .940 .884 .862 .372 Table 4.1.9 ANOVA Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Regression 16.787 3 5.596 40.452 Residual 2.213 16 .138 Total 19.000 19 After auto-correlation is removed, cpi explained 88% of share price for Lakson Tobacco. The model is also considered fit since the sig value is less than 0.05. Table 4.1.10 Correlations Zscore(t_cpi) Zscore(t_pakt) Zscore(t_cpi) Pearson Correlation 1 .309 Sig. (2-tailed) .184 N 20 20 Pearson Correlation suggests that there is a high correlation between Lakson Tobacco share price and CPI. But the correlation is not prominent between cpi and share price of Pakistan Tobacco. Monthly Data Raw data did not have normality while auto-correlation was present. Data was transformed using square root and log transformation which converted the data into normal distribution and auto-correlation was removed. Table 4.1.11 Tests of Normality Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Zscore(ln_sqrt_cpi1991) .055 238 .081 .977 238 Zscore(ln_sqrt_PakTobaccoSharePrice) .055 238 .078 .974 238 Zscore(ln_sqrt_LaksonTobaccoSharePrice) .148 238 .000 .950 238 Kolmogorov-Smirnov suggests that consumer price index and share price of Pakistan Tobacco is normal. The mean and median for share prices of Lakson Tobacco fell close, and within the range of 5%. Therefore, it was considered for further statistical tests. Pakistan Tobacco Table 4.1.12 Model Summary R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate .708 .501 .494 27.575 Table 4.1.13 ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Regression 178539.001 3 59513.000 78.265 Residual 177934.110 234 760.402 Total 356473.111 237 With the presence of auto-correlation, Model Summary suggested that rate of inflation explains 50% of share price for Pakistan Tobacco, while the model is also considered fit since sig value of ANOVA is less than 0.05. Table 4.1.14 Model Summary R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate .611 .373 .365 .797 Table 4.1.15 ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Regression 88.485 3 29.495 46.472 Residual 148.515 234 .635 Total 237.000 237 After applying transformations, which removed the auto-correlation, Model Summary for share price of Pakistan Tobacco and rate of inflation reveals that rate of inflation explains 37% of share price for Pakistan Tobacco. Having considered this, it does not actually cause the share price in the market. Sig value of ANOVA table is less than 0.05, which means that regression model for predicting share price of Pakistan Tobacco is suitable. Lakson Tobacco Table 4.1.16 Model Summary R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate .853 .728 .724 78.413 Table 4.1.17 ANOVA Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Regression 3847422.758 3 1282474.253 208.578 Residual 1438786.372 234 6148.660 Total 5286209.129 237 The presence of auto-correlation in share prices of Lakson Tobacco revealed that the rate of inflation explains 72% of the share price for Lakson Tobacco. While, the model is considered fit having the sig value of less than 0.05 in ANOVA table. Table 4.1.18 Model Summary R R Square Adjusted R Square .928 .861 .859 Table 4.1.19 ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Regression 204.119 3 68.040 484.213 Residual 32.881 234 .141 Total 237.000 237 After the removal of auto-correlation, rate of inflation explains 86% of share price for Lakson Tobacco. Comparing with Pakistan Tobacco, Lakson Tobacco is more responsive to rate of inflation in the economy. ANOVA table having sig value of 0.000, which is less than 0.05, states that regression model is suitable for predicting share price of Lakson Tobacco. Beside rate of inflation, other economic factors indeed impact the behavior of stock market. Therefore, CPI alone is not considered a significant predictor of share prices for tobacco industry in Pakistan. Table 4.1.20 Correlations Zscore(ln_sqrt_cpi1991) Zscore(ln_sqrt_PakTobaccoSharePrice) Zscore(ln_sqrt_cpi1991) Pearson Correlation 1 .327** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 238 238 Pearson correlation reveals that there is a positive correlation between consumer price index and share price of tobacco industry, but this relation is not very prominent. While, on the other hand correlation between consumer price index and share price of Lakson Tobacco is strong and positive. Auto-correlation test for consumer price index (CPI), share price of Pakistan Tobacco, and share price of Lakson Tobacco, tested with 16-lags, have auto-correlation value between 0.5 and 1, while sig value is 0.000 through-out the cases. It states that todays CPI, share price of Pakistan Tobacco, and share price of Lakson Tobacco explain the future rate and prices for at least 16 months. Study of monthly and annual data resulted in no considerable variations. Therefore, results are considered having similar beh avior among monthly and annual analysis. Figure 4.1.1 Figure 4.1.1 reveals the trend of share prices of Pakistan Tobacco and Lakson Tobacco. It suggests that Pakistan Tobacco prices with relation to the CPI, raised in the beginning. It fell, and then again increased at the end. While, the Lakson Tobacco started to rise late, and fell after very short span of time. Trend of both companies are showing growth in recent past, but at lower level. 4.2 Hypotheses Assessment Summary Yearly Hypotheses B1 B2 B3 Sig Result CPI Predicts Share Price for Pakistan Tobacco. .161 .469 0.073 .043 Accepted CPI Predicts Share Price for Lakson Tobacco. 1.398 -.008 -0.220 .000 Accepted CPI Causes Share Price for Pakistan Tobacco. .161 .469 0.073 .043 Rejected CPI Causes Share Price for Lakson Tobacco. 1.398 -.008 -0.220 .000 Rejected Hypotheses Autocorrelation (16 lags) Sig Result CPI of Today explains the CPI of future. .772 x -.370 (for Lag1) (for Lag16) .000 Accepted Todays Share Prices of Pakistan Tobacco explain the future share prices of Pakistan Tobacco. .667 x -.005 (for Lag1) (for Lag16) .000 Accepted Todays Share Prices of Lakson Tobacco explain the future share prices of Lakson Tobacco. .867 x -.263 (for Lag1) (for Lag16) .000 Accepted Monthly Hypotheses B1 B2 B3 Sig Result CPI Predicts Share Price for Pakistan Tobacco. .360 .443 -0.440 .000 Accepted CPI Predicts Share Price for Lakson Tobacco. 1.428 -.040 -0.225 .000 Accepted CPI Causes Share Price for Pakistan Tobacco. .360 .443 -0.440 .000 Rejected CPI Causes Share Price for Lakson Tobacco. 1.428 -.040 -0.225 .000 Rejected Hypotheses Autocorrelation (16 lags) Sig Result CPI of Today explains the CPI of future. .979 x .697 (for Lag1) (for Lag16) .000 Accepted Todays Share Prices of Pakistan Tobacco explain the future share prices of Pakistan Tobacco. .977 x .503 (for Lag1) (for Lag16) .000 Accepted Todays Share Prices of Lakson Tobacco explain the future share prices of Lakson Tobacco. .983 x .712 (for Lag1) (for Lag16) .000 Accepted CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 5.1 Conclusion The research found that there is a positive correlation between consumer price index and share price of tobacco industry in Pakistan. Consumer price index does explain the share price for Pakistan Tobacco and Lakson Tobacco, but it only predicts the portion of it. Other economic factors are also responsible for the change, and that is the reason CPI does not cause the share prices alone. Study revealed that current trend of tobacco industry in stock market explains the future trends. 5.2 Discussion Various studies analyzed that there is a negative relationship between stock market and inflation, while there were many economies there was positive relation, but in both cases, the relationship was prominent in long-term. Consumer price index in Pakistan has a direct impact on consumers as well as businesses, and it has been a key issue for couple of decades. The reason for relatively different impact of inflation on stock market in Pakistan when compared to other economies of the world is behavior of people towards inflation. Increasing inflation results in increase in price of commodities that should have an impact, but it also affects non-related commodities and industries. Inflation and share value of every month has links with the values of past and future. Thus, it also reveals that the change of rates and prices are not only affected by the economic factors, but the values itself are predictors of the values of future. 5.3 Implications and Recommendations Analysis and model of this research can be a good use for financial analysis and researches. It not only helps in studying the relationship between inflation and stock market, but also helps in investing decisions for investors willing to buy shares. For better and more accurate predictions, other economic factors must also be included in the research, making the analysis and investing decisions more reliable for investors and consultants. 5.4 Future Research This research provides a base for predicting share prices of tobacco industry in Pakistan with response to the change in rate of inflation. Share price for other industries and companies can also be predicted using the developed model. Other economic factors can also be included in the research in future, to predict the stock market behavior more accurately. REFERENCES Adam, A. M., Tweneboah, G. (2008). Macroeconomic Factors and Stock Market Movement: Evidence from Ghana. MPRA Paper, 11256. Anari, A., Kolari, J. (2001). Stock prices and inflation. Journal of Financial Research, 24, 587-602. Cohn, R. A., Lessard, D. R. (1980). The Effect of Inflation on Stock Prices: International Evidence, 11470. Crosby, M., Otto, G. (2000). Inflation and Capital Stock. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 32, 236-253. Day, T. E. (1984). Real Stock Returns and Inflation. The Journal of Finance, 39, 493-512. Durre, A., Giot, P. (2005). An international analysis of earnings, stock prices and bond yields. National Bank of Belgium, 200509-1. Erb,C. B., Harvey, C. R., Viskanta, T. E. (1995). Inflation and World Equity Selection. Financial Analyst Journal, 51, 25-42. Fama, E. F. (1981). Stock Returns, Real Activity, Inflation and Money. American Economic Review, 71, 545-565. Feldstein, M. (1980). Inflation, Tax Rules, and the Stock Market . Journal of Monetary Economics, 6, 309-331. Feldstein, M. (1983). Inflation and the Stock Market. Inflation, Tax Rules, and Capital Formation, University of Chicago Press, 186-198. Garber., Peter. (1982). Transition from Inflation to Price Stability. Carnegie Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 16, 11-42. Kook, C. J. M., Haffer, R. W. (1988). Stock Prices, Inflation and Real Activity: A Test of the Fama Hypothesis. Federal Reserve Bank Research Dept, 1986-001B. Malkiel, B. G. (1979). The Capital Formation Problem in the United States. The Journal of Finance, 34, 291-306. Pindyck. (1983). Risk, Inflation, and the Stock Market. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1186. Schwert, G.W. (1981). The adjustment of stock prices to information about inflation. Journal of Finance, 36, 15-29. Subhani, M. I., Osman, A., Gul, A. (2010). Relationship between Consumer Price Index (CPI) and KSE-100 Index Trading Volume in Pakistan and Finding the Endogeneity in t he Involved Data. Iqra University Research Centre IURC.

Roles and Responsibilities of a Tutor Free Essays

The roles, responsibilities and boundaries of a tutor within the FE/adult education sector are ever progressing qualities which are reflected upon using the teaching cycle. This cycle can be used by both tutor and learner as discussed in ‘Prepare to teach in the lifelong learning sector’ – Ann Gravells 3rd Edition. Roles 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Roles and Responsibilities of a Tutor or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0 The role of a tutor is to create a safe and healthy learning environment, where learners are able to work at their individual level. This is backed up by the use of initial assessment upon induction to the course. This will allow the tutor to pinpoint who may eed additional support through one to one support and extra tutorials. I, as the tutor will be teaching the subject effectively following the scheme of work, ensuring the aims and objectives are met. Continual assessment throughout the course will aid learner progression and also allow learners to re-evaluate their own development. Also by using learning style questionnaires like ‘Fleming 1987’ the tutor is able to teach using various learning styles such as, visual, auditory and kinaesthetic. This allows inclusive teaching and will develop learners and cover all of their specific needs. The utor is able to adapt the lesson plan to incorporate all students giving them a chance to become involved. Planning and preparation are key issues ‘By Failing To Prepare, You Are Preparing To Fail’ as quoted by Benjamin Franklin. You must decide what you want to achieve, plan and deliver you lesson accordingly. Targets need to be set, SMART targets should be used specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time related. These targets will enhance learning and can be used by both learner and tutor. At the end of the session it is vital to evaluate the lesson with the learners, by re-capping the aims to see if they were fully chieved. Once this has been carried out it may mean a change to the following weeks session. My role is also an assessor, so I need to prepare learners for practical assessments and give thorough guidance on the set criteria. Learners are encouraged to self assess giving them the opportunity to evaluate their own progression. Feedback is given on a one to one, the learner is given praise regardless whether the result is a pass or fail. This is to ensure learners are encouraged and never feel downhearted, this in turn will boost moral and motivate the learners to succeed further. Responsibilities 2. My responsibilities are very important, I have a duty of care to provide a safe environment and conduct risk assessments on learners and follow them up with an action plan. During practical session enforcing the correct use of personal protective equipment. I must ensure I keep an up to date register every session, this is essential to check learner attendance, achievement and also monitor progression. The awarding and funding bodies also need a record for their own evidence. Safeguarding learners, we carry out reviews every ten weeks and this involves covering Every Child Matters. Encouraging the learners to say how they stay safe, healthy and how they enjoy and achieve. The safeguarding policy we have in place not only covers our learners but also covers tutors. Teaching all learners with equal respect regardless of their sex, race, religion or ability and promote equality and diversity to all learners within their lessons. This also allows the tutor to incorporate differentiation within the session. Planning, ensuring that I am following the scheme of work and the course content is clear but also meets the needs of the individual learner. This also means turning up efore the learners do and making sure all resources are prepared and you have taken into account any materials being used are suitable for all learning styles. Data protection is an essential part of my responsibility as learners upon induction give information about themselves and this is to remain confidential at all times. Information about other staff members must not be passed on to learners as part of the data protection act. Standardising practise with other colleagues through attending standardisation meetings are vital to ensure practises are met and that all work is being marked to the correct standard. Homework handed in, is marked and returned within a reasonable time and any feedback and praise is constructive. Above all self control is extremely important, be prepared for confrontation and negativity but to answer or handle the issues calmly. Acting, dressing and speaking in an appropriate manner at all times as learners look to you as a role model to follow. Boundaries 3. 0 As tutors,we have professional boundaries which we must work within and it is very important not to over step those boundaries. You must be able to identify where the role of a tutor stops and remain there. As a tutor I must keep to standards and work within egulations set by the awarding body. Contact with learners should be kept to a professional level at all times, this means when contacting learners for assessments or to provide information to them it should be done using company mobiles or emails. Safeguarding yourself while using social networking sites having no learners on your profile, this protects both you as a tutor and the learner. Confidentiality of learners should be treated with respect, but the learner needs to be informed that although they have told you this information, you may have to refer it to a professional. Conclusion 4. 0  This is a brief description of my roles, responsibilities and boundaries as a tutor within the FE/adult education sector. These are the most important issues to be able to carry out the role successfully and help learners progress. By using a skills audit for my own work I am able to identify that I can demonstrate my skills effectively and should use the audit to reflect, although I know personally that within the areas of numeracy and literacy skills my weakest skill is numeracy. I have been using BBC Skills Wise website to help me develop my skills and give me the confidence to guide learners through their own issues with numeracy. How to cite Roles and Responsibilities of a Tutor, Essay examples Roles and Responsibilities of a tutor Free Essays This assignment discusses the functions and duties of a coach in the womb-to-tomb acquisition sector. It highlights the chief standards required to be a good coach within the instruction environment and the restrictions for this function. The assignment will give clear positions on the classs and criterions in which coachs have to show abilities these include: Knowledge and understanding Planning, learning and category direction Monitoring and appraisal Record maintaining Knowledge and apprehension: Coachs must be confident in the topic cognition they are traveling to learn. We will write a custom essay sample on Roles and Responsibilities of a tutor or any similar topic only for you Order Now This has to be the specialized topic you are qualified in. Planning, learning and category direction: Planing and planing of a lesson is a important and the? learning rhythm construct demand to be followed. These are: the purposes A ; principle, program lesson A ; expected result, bringing of lesson, assess larning against results, feedback A ; rating. Zaf – you must be careful with how you express your ideas. Besides – although you have now mentioned the Aims and Rationale – it is still non truly clear why these are so of import in relation to each scholar group. The aims of the lesson and its result must be visualised before the topic is taught, and it must be appropriate for the group. Learner ‘s demands are non to be ignored, and a Tutor must concentrate on the issues of equality and diverseness in the schoolroom, and every kid affairs ( ECM ) . i In the delivering of the lesson, a coach needs to take into history the different backgrounds, larning demands, and disablements of the scholars, extra stuff should be made available to all persons when required.i The presentation and executing of the lesson plays a cardinal function in scholar ‘s acquisition, as each person have different ways of larning. iThe resources used in the lesson, for illustration, PowerPoint, Flip Chart, and Wipe Board should be to the full utilized. Visual, auditory and practical acquisition manners guarantee the scholar to hold equal chances in larning. Tutorials and quizzes get the pupil interested and their attending? in the lesson therefore should be portion of the lessons. Changing types of lesson programs can bring forth involvement for the scholars ; and make an chance to measure the scholars apprehension of the topic. Contemplations of the lesson during the undermentioned hebdomad will enable the coach to acquire a sense of what pupils have learned and if methods are effectual. i Monitoring and Appraisal The initial interview and appraisal is the start of Learner / coach relationship. The Tutor will get down to larn what motivates the scholars to be a portion of this specific class. i The class and degree demands to be matched with the pupils ‘ abilities and the pervious accomplishment and cognition of the topic. The scholar ‘s ability should be assessed, in literacy, linguistic communication and numeracy accomplishments that may be applicable. This will assist place the strengths and failing of the scholar. i The Initial appraisal is besides used to inform the development of larning programs. iThe feedback from the assignments will besides assist measure the success of the lessons. It is really of import to do certain that the scholars inscribing for classs to the full understand what is required from them. iIt is a two manner system where the coach understands the scholar, and the scholar understands whether the class they are shiping on is the right 1 for them. ii Measuring the pupils larning against results, feedback and rating of the lesson is of import ; a coach could orient their following bringing in line with the feedback received from the pupils. iLessons including practical activities, tutorials, and quizzes are good manner to supervise scholar ‘s advancement throughout the class. i Coachs are committed to raise the criterion of scholars to accomplish better consequences. Assessment is the manner to guarantee the scholar ‘s advancement is on path, aid should be provided every bit shortly as the coach realises the scholar is holding troubles. i Marking is one signifier of supervising an appraisal, the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours monitoring allows a coach to recognize when the pupils are holding troubles with the constructs a coach can so turn to these troubles. iThe appraisals of scholars must be continually monitored to analyze the advancement they are doing, and maintain the scholars informed, the feedback should be provided. i Record Keeping: The administrative duties of the coach is to maintain a registry for of the pupil ‘s attending ; records of accomplishment and profiles. These are the chief grounds for maintaining records: To supervise and be after in front ; ( session program ) i To inform internal and external examining organic structures ; i To show that the processs are being decently followed ; i To look into the attending of the pupils ; ( legal demand ) i To track pupil ‘s advancement and demands for excess support, this is to supply grounds for funding organic structures. i In the position of, ( Gravells A ; Simpson, pg.21. 2010 ) â€Å" All relevant information should be documented in the signifier of a program, normally called an person acquisition program ( ILP ) , this is besides known as action program † . i They note that the followers are good pattern when finishing an ILP. Involve your scholars, promote them to discourse their acquisition and support demands. Refer to the consequences of initial and diagnostic appraisals, and larning manners trials. Make sure they are single to each scholar ; there is no 1 size fits all. Express and communicate acquisition marks both verbally and in composing. ii Restrictions: There are restrictions to what a coach can make ; coachs should non supply reding or fiscal advice, for illustrations, lodging benefits, income support etc. They should mention scholars to an appropriate administration who deals with this sort of issues. i The limited clip and resources available to tutor hold to be considered. The cost of purchasing extra stuff makes it harder to assist the pupils in farther support in the lessons. As a coach, there are professional restrictions in topographic point such as non to supplying your phone figure ; the intent of these is to protect coachs from inappropriate contact. i Decision: It is clear that coachs have tonss of other duties other than merely fixing and learning. iTutors need to do certain every scholar demands are catered for, when planning, fixing and presenting the lesson. i All the records are on a regular basis checked, kept to day of the month, and are available to for analyzing and funding organic structures. Resources needed for the lesson are available to enable pupils to take part. i In the position of ( Tummons, 2007 pg.17 ) , â€Å" Much of the work done by the coach has to make with acquisition and instruction: preparing larning resource ; interceding with external testers ; taging assignment and entering the consequences. Then there are many things that do non truly look to be related to larning and learning at all, such as taking portion in selling and promotion activities, which besides come as portion of the coach ‘s function, as it is really important to procure enlisting for the undermentioned twelvemonth † . i How to cite Roles and Responsibilities of a tutor, Essay examples

Stay Strong Demi Lovato by Demi Lovato free essay sample

â€Å"Stay strong†, 21 year old Demi Lovato’s inspirational quote for teens listening to her music all over the world. She has overcome many obstacles in her life for being a victim of self-harm. Her story reaches out to teens everywhere because most of them have overcome the same thing. Demi Lovato is a true warrior and she has inspired teens, including me, to keep moving forward; to stay strong during any curve life throws at you. Her new album â€Å"DEMI† altogether is inspirational. Each song gives away a different chapter in her life, and how we as fans can relate to it. Unlike any of her other albums, â€Å"DEMI† tells its fans that she is grown up and has come out of that Disney Channel phase due to her recent struggles. Her previous album, â€Å"Unbroken† which came out after her release from rehab, has songs that are just for entertainment rather than capturing a deeper meaning. We will write a custom essay sample on Stay Strong: Demi Lovato by Demi Lovato or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her new album however, has songs that are about different life experiences that teenagers, such as myself, can relate to. Her album is comprised of different groups of songs which she has brilliantly put together to tell her story. Each song identifies how she actually feels, and gives off a certain tune to give away her mood. The groups comprise of â€Å"love/heartbreak†, â€Å"strong-willed† and â€Å"pure entertainment†. Each song is relatable with their jovial beats and some even solemn rhythms. Demi’s hit single â€Å"Heart Attack† kicks the album off at song number one, leads fans in the direction of â€Å"love/heartbreak†. Teens dance to this tune with a mindset of having that one crush they would change their lives for. This song gives an upbeat tempo that gives love a good name in the eyes of teenagers. However, this is the only one of the two happy love songs, but everyone experiences heartbreak much more. So, Demi guided her fans the right direction with each heartbreak song; to stay strong. The last song on â€Å"DEMI† ties the whole album together with how she feels about everything that has happened in her life. Song number thirteen, â€Å"Warrior† falls into the â€Å"strong-willed† group. She gathers all of her feelings from the difficulties of her childhood and her life now and throws them into this four minute song. She sets a deeper meaning through her knowledge with her experiences. The fascinating thing is, is any teenager who listens to it can interpret their own meaning of it because of how relatable the song is. The lyrics are so simple and give away no personal information that teens fit their lives into the song. Sometimes something as simple as listening to a song can make you feel better about yourself and your life. That is what Demi Lovato is trying to do with all thirteen songs. Demi Lovato’s album, â€Å"DEMI† is a must-listen. She puts together diff erent groups of songs to match the struggles she has had in her life. Unlike her other albums, she is no longer writing music just for entertainment but to tell a story and make her and her fans stronger. Her songs are not only inspirational to teens, but to people all ages. I recommend this album to teens who think they do not have a reason to smile or to just be happy to be themselves. â€Å"DEMI† was rated a 4/5 by critics, but a 5/5 by teenagers everywhere, and especially me. Life is like a road going up, down, twisting and turning. If you are the type of person to be going through a rough time and just need time to think and grasp what is going on, listen to â€Å"DEMI†. That is someone who has been through it all. Demi Lovato tells you to just take a break, stay strong and be a warrior with just a 13 song album.