The Unite Kingdom ( Uk ) - 1277 Words

The Unite Kingdom (UK) is a collection of multiple islands that is located off the northwestern coast of Europe between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea (The UK, 2016). Moreover, the UK has had a very robust history that began over 35,000 years ago. Currently, the UK allows its citizens to freely practice their religion of choice. Therefore, there are multiple practicing religions throughout the collection of islands. The below correspondence provides a brief history of the UK, the current and projected population, different worldviews of the religions present in the UK, how Christian leaders and managers may be impacted by the diverse worldviews and how those leaders/managers should prepare to lead individuals throughout the country. History of the United Kingdom The UK has gone through a plethora of rulers throughout its history. It is said that around 35,000 years ago, that the first humans began to arrive in the region. Monuments such as Stonehenge and Avebury were constructed during this time. Many years later (1500 BCE and to 500 BCE) the Romans occupied these islands and during the time that they occupied the islands the Romans erected multiple cities. At the beginning of the 10th century, the Vikings began to occupy England and much of Europe. In approximately 1066 King Harold was killed by William the Duke of Normandy and became King. This event eventually led to French becoming the national language of England until 1362 when the country convertedShow MoreRelatedThe Protection Of The European Union Essay1418 Words   |  6 PagesThe protection afforded to the individual in United Kingdom by the European Union Since the United Kingdom became a member of the European Union in 1973, former known as the European Economic Community, a big variety of changes in the legislation procedures relating to the custom duties, economy, free movement, and social security appeared. 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Therefore, UK has three main sources of law which are statutory law (Act of Parliament), CaseRead MoreThe War Was A Short, But Impactful War On The Political Situation1244 Words   |  5 PagesPrime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1979. She was the first female Prime Minister of the UK and was known as the â€Å"Iron Lady.† This is because of her tough stances and promotion of her conservative ideologies in her time in parliament. This reputation followed her through her election as Prime Minister. From a foreign policy perspective, Thatcher’s goal was to defend the strength of the UK during the Cold War. For example, despite opposition, she continued to force the UK to boycott the 1980 MoscowRead MoreThe Analysis Of The Equitable Employee Relations Since The Year 19681542 Words   |  7 Pagessince the period of the Dagenham, 1968, to the curre nt time. This has been mostly due to the industrial action and legislative changes that have occurred in the UK since the period of 1968. 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IndonesiaRead MoreThe Economic Crisis of Today1133 Words   |  5 Pagesthat contribute to the debt leading to the economic crisis are United States of America, United Kingdom, and Germany. The United States of America is the country with the highest debt in the world. The federal budget includes expenses of defense/war, social security, and Medicaid/Medicaid. All of these expenditures contribute to the economic crisis. Why? Because we are spending more than we make. The Unites States revenue according to the US debt clock is about $2,850,172,180,692 but our spending isRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Nation State902 Words   |  4 Pagesis used to depict an area such as the United Kingdom in which there are individual states, but they have cultural variances such as language and customs. Keeping with the example of the UK, we witnessed last year when Scotland, one of the states included in the UK, tried to succeed from the parliamentary sovereignty and become its own sovereign nation in order to preserve its cultural identity. When looking at the case of Scotland succeeding from the UK, one could come to the conclusion that nation-statesRead MoreAre Guns Equal More Violence?867 Words   |  4 Pageson these statistics, it looks as though the upsurge of guns and armed citizens has only led to less violence. Another example, that disproves this, is the Firearm Act of 1997. After a school shooting, the United Kingdom passed this act banning almost all of their guns. That year, the UK had initially recorded seven hundred and thirty-four homicides. While only steadily increasing, by the year 2002, they had a recorded one thousand and forty-one homicides (Osborne). This act did not prevent homicides

American Aviation During Wwi Free Essays

U. S. Aviation during World War I American aviation was in its infancy when the United States entered WWI in 1917. We will write a custom essay sample on American Aviation During Wwi or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most U. S. pilots were untrained in air combat and using aircraft that were less sophisticated than their enemies. When the U. S. joined the allied forces in April of 1917, it had 56 pilots and less than 250 aircraft, which were all obsolete. In July of 1917, congress appropriated $640 million to form 354 combat squadrons. There were no industries in the U. S. at this time manufacturing aircraft. With a few trial and errors supported by the government, the Bureau of Aircraft Production and a separate Division of Military Aeronautics were established. The new industry produced 11,754 aircraft and the Army set up 27 primary flying schools in the United States. American pilots would not be able to utilize these resources until the end of the war. Many of the sorties flown by U. S. aviators were in foreign aircraft. Some of the airframes used were the Salmson observation airplanes, Spad XIII pursuits, Havilland DH-4’s, Breguet 14’s, and some French balloons. Although many of these airframes helped win decisive air battles, they were no comparison to the German Fokker. Fokker was a Dutch aircraft manufacturer that began producing planes in Germany. The â€Å"Fokker Scourge† had revolutionary armament and was the most feared airframe during WWI. An American pilot by the name of Eddie Rickenbacker recalls in his book â€Å"Fighting The Flying Circus† an opportunity to trade a German pilot his life for his Fokker aircraft. Although the United States aviation units lacked training and sufficient aircraft, they were still able to make a difference in WWI and go on to have air superiority almost one hundred years later. This could be accredited to winning decisive battles and the U. S. being a â€Å"learning organization. † With the employment of balloons and fixed wing aircraft for trench warfare {text:soft-page-break} reconnaissance, the U. S. was able to save thousands of soldiers while delivering bombs and bullets from the sky. American military leadership saw the importance of this resource and has budgeted in reconnaissance aircraft ever since. With trench warfare, a stalemate would often develop with both sides having neither an advantage nor a disadvantage. Having air reconnaissance would prove to be valuable in collecting intelligence on enemy positions. These same aircraft would be fitted with bombs to clear forward enemy trench lines and to destroy their rear supply. Air recon planes were outfitted with an observer who would map out enemy strongholds while documenting the size and weapons of the enemy. Aerial reconnaissance later on becomes one the main focuses of the U. S. military. Reconnaissance aircraft during WWI were large, bulky, and slow. This made it easier for enemy ground troops to shoot down and smaller, faster aircraft to destroy. The Allied and Axis powers both began to send out fighter aircraft to protect these recon planes and to destroy any enemies they came in contact with. This use of smaller, faster, well armed aircraft helped usher in the age of supersonic fighters in modern day warfare. WWI demonstrated the importance of fighters and the U. S. has invested a lot of resources and research into their improvement. The United States was involved in various amounts of strategic battles during the last two years of the war. Some of these battles would mark the beginning of America’s race for air superiority and the need for heavily-armed aircraft. At the Battle of St. Mihiel, Billy Mitchell was given control of 1, 4821 aircraft, only 40% being American. â€Å"It was the largest air force ever assembled for a single operation, consisting of 366 observation airplanes, 323 day bombers, 91 night bombers, and 701 pursuits. † Pilots reported the destruction of roads and balloons and {text:soft-page-break} aircraft shot down. The American Air Service being inexperienced in air warfare were undertaking an ambitious air campaign that was unheard of at that time. Although St. Mihiel was not a complete success, Col. Mitchell helped create an independent American Air Force that believes that whatever the opposition is, no mission would ever be turned back. Billy Mitchell took intensive courses on aeronautics taught by allied pilots. â€Å"What they had to say and even more, what they were doing, converted him to a theory of air power still unappreciated in the United States. Billy Mitchell understood the importance of air power and how vital it would be to win future wars. He believed this so much that in 1925, he accused Army and Navy leaders of an almost â€Å"treasonable act of national security† when he did not receive the funds asked for. Mitchell was court-martialed and retired shortly afterwards. He has been considered the father of the U. S. Air Force and B-25 Mitchell was named in his honor. D uring WWI, Germany had established air superiority with its flying command â€Å"The Flying Circus† led by the German Ace, Baron Manfred von Richtofen. The â€Å"Red Baron†, hich he was commonly known, had eighty aerial victories. The Baron and his fleet of Fokker’s would be America’s biggest challenge in getting the upper hand in aerial warfare. Captain Edward Rickenbacker, of the American 94th Aero Pursuit Squadron, was just the man to take on such a powerful foe and make a difference. â€Å"Eddie† Rickenbacker was America’s â€Å"Ace of Aces† who accounted for twenty-six aircraft shot down. Twenty-two of airframes were airplanes and four of them were balloons. On September 25th, 1918, Rickenbacker downed two planes on his lone attack on seven German planes. Rickenbacker received the Congressional Medal of Honor for this in 1931. {text:soft-page-break} Captain Rickenbacker was not only an exceptional pilot, but he understood the importance of having a great airframe in the U. S. Army’s arsenal. Rickenbacker, and many other U. S. pilots, only had access to substandard aircraft and in many cases, had to borrow from other countries. During a raid in September of 1918, Captain Rickenbacker and Lt. Coolidge (son of Calvin Coolidge) encountered several German enemies over Grand Pre. Lt. Coolidge, one of the best pilots in the 94th Aero Pursuit Squadron, was shot down. Rickenbacker went on to shoot down several German planes before heading back to Allied territory. Rickenbacker noticed a German Fokker on his way back who’s engine had apparently stalled. Rickenbacker found himself in a curious position and decided that instead of shooting him down, he would bring his â€Å"prize† back intact. As the German Fokker began to sail down in the direction Rickenbacker had guided him, another aircraft (Rickenbacker was not sure if it was French or American) came out of nowhere and destroyed the plane. â€Å"So nearly had I succeeded in capturing intact a most valuable Fokker from Germany’s most famous Squadron! Captain Rickenbacker and many other American pilots understood the importance of having the upper hand in air warfare. They understood that wars can be won from the sky and great aircraft were needed for this to happen. More pilots lives were lost due to aircraft malfunction than to enemy artillery. Life was short during World W ar I and American pilots lived it valiantly. This brought the need for safer, reliable aircraft in the U. S. military. With the military’s purchase of 11,754 aircraft near the end of the war, the U. S. was on its way to air superiority. Some of these planes were cut from the budget after WWI, but soon became a focus during World War II. {text:soft-page-break} Aeronautical achievement by the end of World War I, had won favor not only by the American military, but with the American public. H. G. Wells writes â€Å"Every aviator who goes up to fight, will fight all the more gladly with two kindred alternatives in his mind, a knighthood or the prompt payment of a generous life assurance policy to his people. Every man who goes up and destroys either an aeroplane or a Zeppelin in the air should, I hold, have a knighthood if he gets down alive. World War I battles involving aviation helped spark America’s race for air superiority. Military leadership recognized the role aviation would play in future wars and protecting our homeland. More funds and resources were generated to acquire the best aircraft and the best pilots. Without American involvement in such battles as the â€Å"Battle of St. Mihiel†, Americ a might have joined the aerospace race even later and met with defeat. Billy Mitchell and Eddie Rickenbacker were also very important players to bring about the new dawn of American aviation, Aerospace Expeditionary Forces. How to cite American Aviation During Wwi, Papers

Brand Loyalty in Sportswear in Iran-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Brand Loyalty in Sportswear in Iran. Answer: Introduction In this assignment, five cases has been considered where in the first case a discussion has been made about the Chinese young consumers brand loyalty toward sportswear products. In the second case, a discussion is being made regarding the impact of brand loyalty on the purchase of sportswear brand among the customers. In the third case, a discussion is being made for investigating the critical components for constructing the measurements that are influencing the consumers of sportswear regarding brand loyalty. In the fourth case, a discussion is being made regarding brand loyalty towards sportswear in Iran. In the fifth case, the research objective is to investigate the brand loyalty as well as other metrics relating to brand performance within the sportswear market in the UK. Summary of the different cases In the first case, a discussion has been made about the Chinese young consumers brand loyalty toward sportswear products. The research study is aiming towards investigating the brand loyalty of the Chinese young consumers regarding sportswear products from a self-congruity perspective. Through the observation of different performance within international as well as domestic sportswear brands in the market in China, this research study will also be aiming towards examining the influence of the country of origin on the behavior of the Chinese young consumers regarding the sportswear brand (Lu, 2015). In the second case, a discussion is being made regarding the impact of brand loyalty on the purchase of sportswear brand among the customers. The research study is aiming towards finding out the brand loyalty factors regarding the purchase of sportswear brands. The outcome of brand loyalty on different respondents has been discussed, taking into consideration the seven factors relating to brand loyalty such as price, brand name, style, quality of product, promotion, store environment as well as service quality (Singh, 2014). In the third case, a discussion is being made for investigating the critical components for constructing the measurements that are influencing the consumers of sportswear regarding brand loyalty. Through the adoption of an overall customer satisfaction model, the research framework will be comprising of five dimensions such as perceived quality, perceived value, customer expectations, customer satisfaction as well as brand loyalty (Chang, 2016). In the fourth case, a discussion is being made regarding brand loyalty towards sportswear in Iran. The research study will be exploring the brand loyalty as well as brand personality behavior regarding sportswear as well as examining the key factors relating to brand loyalty including brand name, quality of product, price, style, store environment, promotion, as well as service quality. Also, there will be the identification of the brand personality dimensions regarded as Big Fives, which are Sincerity, Excitement, Competence, Ruggedness as well as Sophistication in respect of different brands of sportswear (Khoei, 2014). In the fifth case, a discussion is being made regarding brand loyalty within the sportswear market in the UK. The research study will be investigating the brand loyalty as well as other brand performance metrics within the sportswear market in the UK. The major findings of the study states that sportswear brands are enjoying polygamous loyalty from their customers, the market is exhibiting the classic double jeopardy pattern whereby smaller brands are having loyalty that is a little lower, and customers switching amongst sports brands in sequence with their share of market (Dawes, 2012). Research objectives and the research questions In the first case, the research objective is to do the investigation of brand loyalty of the Chinese young consumers regarding sportswear products from a self-congruity perspective. The research question is whether to do the investigation relating to the brand loyalty of the young Chinese consumers in respect of the sportswear products. In the second case, the research objective is to find out the brand loyalty factors regarding the purchase of sportswear brands. The research question is how to do the finding out of the factors related with brand loyalty in respect of the purchasing of sportswear brands. In the third case, the research objective is to understand the correlation amongst the customers perceived quality regarding sportswear, perceived value, expectations of the customers, product satisfaction as well as loyalty regarding the brand. Also, to do the interpretation of the customers perceptions having varied characteristics as well as in varied segments via the demographic variables. The research questions are to find out how to do the interpretation of the customers perception with varied traits and in varied segments via the demographic variables and how to provide thoughtful advice in respect of Globe Trotter as well as other pertinent industries in association to the product strategic aspects as well as enhancement of brand loyalty depending upon the findings of the research. In the fourth case, the research objective is to do the exploration of brand loyalty as well as brand personality behavior relating to sportswear and to do the examination of key brand loyalty factors. The research questions is to find out whether brand loyal customers will be distinguished in the Kish-Island regarding sportswear market in respect of eight brands. In the fifth case, the research objective is to investigate the brand loyalty as well as other metrics relating to brand performance within the sportswear market in the UK. The research questions is finding out whether any specific brand is getting more loyalty, or less loyalty than it should, whether there are some brands that are competing in an intense manner against other specific brands and whether a brand is having roughly similar share of market throughout a variety of buyer groups. Review of literature In the first case, narrative literature review was used. Regarding the aspect of self-congruity as well as brand loyalty, it can be stated that in recent time research relating to brand loyalty is increasingly doing the adoption of integrative approaches to model the precursors regarding brand loyalty (Buil, 2013). Self congruency is referring to the cognitive match amongst the self-concept of the customers as well as the image regarding the given product or service. The effect regarding self-congruency will be stemming from the self-concept of the customers that will be matching with the image of a brand. The brand self-congruency will be having a positive impact on the brand association of the young consumers in China regarding sportswear brands (Kakkos, 2015). The brand self-congruency will be having a positive impact on the perceived quality of the young Chinese customers regarding sportswear brands. Brand self-congruency will be having a positive impact upon the attitudinal bran d loyalty of the Chinese young customers in respect of sportswear brands (Gistri, 2015). Brand self-congruency will be having a positive impact upon the behavioral brand loyalty of the young Chinese customers in respect of sportswear brands through brand association, perceived quality as well as attitudinal brand loyalty. The evaluation of the Chinese consumers as well as their behavioral intention regarding international brands as well as Chinese domestic brands state that the Chinese customer are perceiving a higher product quality level as well as global brand performance (Khan, 2014). Also, Chinese customers made the indication towards an increased purpose of purchasing international brands for the enhancement of their personality as well as social status. Moreover, the perceiving of the international brands were done for being more innovative as well as more customer based (Ko, 2016). The type of sources that were cited in the literature review was that of key businesses. In the second case, narrative literature review was used. Brand loyalty is considered being a significant concept for understanding the behavior of the customers. Customers are always perceiving that the brand is offering the appropriate product characteristics, descriptions, or quality level at the appropriate price for a specific category of brand (Kumar, 2017). Two major constructs regarding brand loyalty will be getting distinguished in this regard, which are considered being behavioral as well as attitudinal. The behavioral construct will be explaining that the repeat purchase regarding the brand over time by a customer will be expressing their loyalty, whereas the attitudinal construct will be assuming that the steady purchasing of a brand is necessary but not adequate condition relating to true loyalty regarding the brand (Lu, 2015). The factors relating to brand loyalty will be focusing on seven brands loyalty aspects such as brand name, price, product quality, style, promoti on, store-environment as well as quality of service. In regard to brand name, it can be stated that developing a brand name is a process that is considered being expensive as well as time-consuming. In regard to price, it can be stated that it is the most significant concern in respect of the average customers. In respect of product quality, it can be stated that customers can do the purchasing of a brand or different brand due to the quality regarding the product (Malik, 2013). In respect of style it can be stated that it is the visual look, including the line as well as details influencing the perception of the consumers in respect of a brand. In respect of store environment it can be stated that the positive characteristics relating to a store are location, dcor as well as other stimulus influence on the loyalty regarding the brand. In respect of promotion, it can be stated that it is essential to do the establishment of the ideas in the minds of the customers and to do the diffe rentiation of brands within a specific category of product (Menidjel, 2017). In respect of service quality, it can be stated that the service should be corresponding with the expectations of the consumers as well as satisfying their needs. In the third case, narrative literature review was used. In this regard, customer satisfaction is referring to the emotional as well as coherent status of the customers relating to perception that will follow the process to make a purchase and do the evaluation of the purchase (Veloutsou, 2017). Also, the perceived value of the customers regarding a product is determined through the comparison that occurs between perceived quality as well as perceived sacrifice and will be having a firm intent towards purchasing when perceived quality will be considered being bigger than perceived sacrifice. Moreover, the customer expectations will be having a positive as well as direct impact regarding the satisfaction of the customers (Molinillo, 2015). The Globe Trotter sportswear suppliers should be focusing upon the improvement of the quality of product for letting customers have the feeling that they will be receiving their moneys worth when they will be purchasing a sportswear post the factori ng of perceived quality as well as perceived price and sacrifice. The type of sources that were cited in the literature review was that of key businesses (Oh, 2016). In the fourth case, narrative literature review was used. The factors of brand loyalty can be considered being the brand name, product quality, price, style, store environment, promotion as well as quality of service. The model of brand loyalty does the classification of loyalty into true loyalty, spurious loyalty, latent loyalty as well as no loyalty (Singh, 2014). The significance of brand loyalty will be associated with the aspect of continuing the profit, reducing the cost of marketing, increasing per-customer growth in revenue, decreasing operating cost, increasing referrals, increasing the price premiums, as well as providing the competitive advantage (Opiri, 2016). The type of sources that were cited in the literature review was that of key businesses. In the fifth case, narrative literature was used. In this respect, it can be stated that brand switching will generally be doing the formation of a rational pattern explaining that the brands do the sharing of the customers with other brands, in sequence with the share of market regarding the competitors (Tong, 2013). Functional differences amongst the brands will be mitigating this influence, however competitive imitation will be basically be doing the diminishing of the functional differences amongst brands over a period of time (Wallace, 2017). The type of sources that were cited in the literature review was that of key businesses. Evaluation of the appropriateness regarding choice of research In the first case, quantitative type of research has been used. The significance of quantitative research is that it is more reliable as well as objective, often does the reduction as well as restructuring of a complex problem to a limited variables number and does the testing of theories. Moreover, there has been the use of descriptive analysis revealing that out of the 333 respondents, 203 did the identification of a Chinese domestic brand of sportswear to be the brand that was purchased in a more frequent manner. In the second case, quantitative type of research has been used. The significance of quantitative research is that it is more reliable as well as objective, often does the reduction as well as restructuring of a complex problem to a limited variables number and does the testing of theories. Moreover, there has been the use of causal analysis indicating that 31% of the respondents were having loyalty towards Adidas, whereas 23% were having loyalty towards Nike, Woodland, Puma. This explained that Adidas is considered being a familiar brand regarding majority of the respondents and therefore, the sellers are required focusing on those brands. In the third case, quantitative type of research has been used. In this regard, it can be stated that a T-test as well as one-way ANOVA test were conducted to test whether consumers in varied age groups will be showing major differences regarding the intention of repurchase. Moreover, there has been the use of descriptive analysis revealing that in respect of the gender of the participants, there are 235 females, who accounts for 60.9% of the participants as well as 151 males, who accounts for 39.1% of the respondents. In the fourth case, quantitative type of research has been used. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed directly in 370 copies and the collection of 354 numbers were done. There occurred the development of five-point Likert scale questions to analyze the loyalty factors. Also, ANOVA testing was also done. Moreover, there has been the use of a descriptive analysis. In the fifth case, qualitative research analyses have been used that consists of brand loyalty analysis, cross purchasing analysis, brand performance analysis across customer segments. Moreover, there have been the use of a descriptive analysis where a sophisticated scheme relating to geo-demographic clustering have been used, regarded as ACORN. Evaluation of sampling design Regarding the first four cases, there has been the use of probability sampling, and more precisely random sampling. The significance regarding random sampling is that the samples can get assembled easily. In the first case, the sample size was of 333 respondents. In the second case, the sample size was of 209 respondents. In the third case, the sample size was 235 females and 151 males regarding the gender of the participants. In the fourth case, the sample size was 345 respondents. Evaluate the choice of research instruments The research instrument that has been used for the first four cases are survey questionnaires. For the fifth case, experiments were used in the form of sophisticated scheme relating to geo-demographic clustering have been used, regarded as ACORN. Conclusion To conclude, it can be stated that a summary of the different cases have been described. The research objectives as well as research questions regarding the five cases have been described. The review of the literature regarding the five cases has been done. The evaluation of the appropriateness regarding the choice of type of research has been described regarding the five cases. There has been the evaluation of the sampling design as well as evaluation of the choice relating to the instrument of research for all the five cases. References Buil, I., Martnez, E., de Chernatony, L. (2013). The influence of brand equity on consumer responses.Journal of consumer marketing,30(1), 62-74. Kakkos, N., Trivellas, P., Sdrolias, L. (2015). Identifying drivers of purchase intention for private label brands. Preliminary evidence from Greek consumers.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,175, 522-528. Khan, N., Rahmani, S. H. R., Hoe, H. Y., Chen, T. B. (2014). Causal relationships among dimensions of consumer-based brand equity and purchase intention: Fashion industry.International Journal of Business and Management,10(1), 172. Ko, E., Phau, I., Aiello, G. (2016). Luxury brand strategies and customer experiences: Contributions to theory and practice.Journal of Business Research,69(12), 5749-5752 Kumar, S. S., Menon, R. P. (2017). Brand Loyalty of Customers in Smartphone Brands.Indian Journal of Marketing,47(3), 8-15. Lu, J., Xu, Y. (2015). Chinese young consumers brand loyalty toward sportswear products: a perspective of self-congruity.Journal of Product Brand Management,24(4), 365-376. Malik, M. E., Ghafoor, M. M., Hafiz, K. I., Riaz, U., Hassan, N. U., Mustafa, M., Shahbaz, S. (2013). Importance of brand awareness and brand loyalty in assessing purchase intentions of consumer.International Journal of Business and Social Science,4(5). Menidjel, C., Benhabib, A., Bilgihan, A. (2017). Examining the moderating role of personality traits in the relationship between brand trust and brand loyalty.Journal of Product Brand Management, (just-accepted), 00-00. Molinillo, S., Ekinci, Y., Japutra, A. (2015). A cross validation of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) with private labels in Spain. InAdvances in national brand and private label marketing(pp. 113-125). Springer, Cham. Oh, J., Shin, J., Park, G. (2016). The Relationship among Brand Personality, Brand Trust, Brand Attachment, and Purchase Intention.,16(2), 215-230. Opiri, J., Lang, C. (2016). The Impact of the Self-esteem and Consumption Values on Consumers Attitude and Intention to Purchase Luxury Fashion Products. Singh, P. K., Pattanayak, J. K. (2014). The Impact of Brand Loyalty on Consumers' Sportswear Brand Purchase.IUP Journal of Brand Management,11(4), 40. Su, J., Tong, X. (2015). Brand personality and brand equity: evidence from the sportswear industry.Journal of Product Brand Management,24(2), 124-133. Tong, X., Li, C. (2013). Impact of brand personality and consumer ethnocentrism in China's sportswear market.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,25(3), 491-509. Tong, X., Su, J. (2014). Exploring the personality of sportswear brands.Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal,4(2), 178-192. Veloutsou, C., Veloutsou, C., Guzman, F., Guzmn, F. (2017). The evolution of brand management thinking over the last 25 years as recorded in the Journal of Product and Brand Management.Journal of Product Brand Management,26(1), 2-12. Wallace, E., Wallace, E., Buil, I., Buil, I., de Chernatony, L., de Chernatony, L. (2017). Consumers self-congruence with a Liked brand: Cognitive network influence and brand outcomes.European Journal of Marketing,51(2), 367-390. Chang, C. C., Wu, H. Y., Lin, H. H., Chang, H. Y. (2016). A STUDY OF CUSTOMER'S PERCEIVED QUALITY, PERCEIVED VALUE, EXPECTATION AND SATISFACTION TO ITS BRAND LOYALTY: THE CASE OF" GLOBE TROTTER" SPORTSWEAR IN TAIWAN.ASBBS Proceedings,23(1), 112. Khoei, R. (2014). Brand Loyalty in Sportswear in Iran.International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics,1, 52-80. Dawes, J. G. (2012). Brand loyalty in the UK sportswear Market. Gistri, G., Pace, S., Corciolani, M. (2015, June). The effects of brand loyalty on the emotional reactions to a luxury brand crisis: The Moncler case. In2015 Global Fashion Management Conference at Florence(pp. 555-561).

Students Mathematical Errors

Misconceptions and errors are common in mathematics. Teachers can find it hard to deal with a misconception because it arises when a student misinterprets or misapplies an existing mathematical idea. This is a critical challenge especially when the teacher fails to promote the best learning activities and interactions in the classroom.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Student’s Mathematical Errors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Teachers should understand that a learner is an active participant in the construction of new mathematical ideas and knowledge. A misconception occurs when a student uses an extant idea in the wrong manner. For example, a student may always expect to get a â€Å"larger† number after multiplying two whole numbers. A misconception can occur when a learner uses the above idea to multiply two fractions or decimals. This scenario explains why teachers should use the best instruct ional activities. The approach can help teachers deal with errors and misconceptions. There is a strong relationship between student and teacher misconceptions and instructional activities. Teachers should use the best ideas to identify misconceptions and errors in the classroom. Every teacher should provide the best support to his or her students. It is the teachers’ duty to use the best instructions whenever there is a misconception or an error. The strategy will help the teacher to address such an error or misconception. The example below explains how errors and misconceptions occur in the classroom. A seventh grade teacher observed that several students made this error: (-5) x (-6) = -30 Several misconceptions can cause this mathematical error. As mentioned earlier, misconceptions occur when a student constructs new mathematical knowledge through interaction or perception. This situation occurs when the learner decided to apply an â€Å"extant† to a mathematical pr oblem. To begin with, the students might have used the idea that the multiplication of two numbers will give a â€Å"positive number†. This explains why the students obtained a negative number after multiplying (-5) by (-6).Advertising Looking for essay on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other possible misconception is the use of â€Å"BODMAS†. This misconception might have occurred after the students applied the algorithm for multiplying â€Å"brackets† to the question. The other possible cause of this misconception is lack of proper â€Å"instructions†. Several things must have led to this error. The teacher might have adopted the wrong approach during the initial instruction. This explains why the students were unable to avoid this â€Å"error†. Learners accommodate new concepts within their existing mental knowledge or framework. The teacher failed to intervene in or der to ensure the learners’ conception was within the â€Å"intended instruction†. The teacher might have given improper examples to the learners. As a result, the teacher was unable to identify this error from the beginning. Teachers should understand that take time before accommodating new ideas. Several ways of teaching the multiplication of â€Å"signed† numbers can help the learners avoid these misconceptions. The teacher should begin by identifying the students’ existing knowledge. The teacher will easily identify how the learners multiply whole numbers. The teacher should go ahead and show the learners how to multiply â€Å"signed† numbers. It is also important for the teacher to provide numerous examples. An interactive approach will also help the teacher to identify any misconception. The teacher will then address the misconception accordingly. Teachers should also resolve any â€Å"cognitive conflict† in order to have an effective learning. Tutors should also use extensive discussions and examples. The approach will challenge and â€Å"ameliorate† any misconception in the learning environment. This essay on Student’s Mathematical Errors was written and submitted by user Landon Bowers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Airline Industry in Cyprus

Airline Industry in Cyprus Review of the Research Problems According to the introduction and literature review chapters, the aspects that need to be analysed in this research are the perceptions that consumers have on the service quality of the airline industry with particular focus on the airline industry in Cyprus.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Airline Industry in Cyprus specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aspect of prioritising service quality factors based on customer perceptions will also be analysed in the research as well as the inconsistency that exists between customer perception of quality and the actual performance of service quality in the airline industry. The literature review has dealt with the aspects that are related to service quality perceptions as well as the satisfaction of customers. It has provided a foundation to the study by focusing on past research and studies that have been conducted on customer perception on service quality in the service industry. The research seeks to answer the question of how customers that use Cyprus airlines perceive the service quality of these airlines. According to the literature review, service quality is measured by the tangibility of the consumer’s surroundings which is represented by objects or subjects, the reliability of the service provider, the involvement and interaction of the service provider, the assurance that the customer will get a wide range of services and the readiness of the company to provide the customer with individualised services (Nadiri and Hussain 2005). The measurement of the various aspects of service quality in the Cyprus airline industry involved analysing the airline tangibles which include the cleanliness of the airplanes, the airport and the staff as well as the terminal’s facilities. Service quality was also measured in terms of empathy where the readiness of the airline staff to help customers and the punctua lity of the airline was analysed. The availability of health care facilities in the airport and the care of passenger luggage was also measured.Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research Approach The appropriate methodology that will be used to collect and analyse data that is important to the research will involve determining the sample of the study. In this research, the sample of the study will consist of customers who use the various airline companies that are based in Cyprus. The non-probability sampling technique will be used to determine and this method of sampling is relevant to the study because it selects samples of the population that are judged to be a typical representation of this population. Non probabilistic sampling involves the use of samples that have been selected in way that has not been suggested in probability theories. Some of the most common methods in non probability sampling include snowball sampling, purposive or judgmental sampling, quota sampling and reliance on available subjects. For the purposes of this study, the non probability technique that will be used to sample the population will be the judgmental sampling of passengers in the airport (Babbie 2008). The type of data collection technique that will be incorporated within this research will be the use of questionnaires that will be distributed to passengers of the various airlines in Cyprus. The use of questionnaires is suitable for this research especially if the sample population is large in number. Questionnaires are also suitable as they provide the researcher with a detailed explanation of the various aspects that are under study by the researcher. The questionnaires will be self- administered where the passengers will be encouraged to fill them out based on their general perception of the airlines service quality. The main aspects that will be covered by the questionnaire include service quality and customer perceptions which will be represented by the questions or items. The items in the questionnaire will measure the dimensions of the SERVQUAL scale which is also known as the RATER scale. The dimensions of the RATER scale include reliability, assurance, tangibles (airline tangibles, terminal tangibles, image and personnel tangibles), empathy and responsiveness. The SERVQUAL scale developed by Parasuraman et al (1988) was designed to address the gaps that existed between customers’ expectations of service quality and their perceptions of the actual performance of the service.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Airline Industry in Cyprus specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The items in the questionnaire will therefore measure the reliability of the Cyprus airline industry as well as the assurance that exists within these airlines. The questionnair e will also cover tangibles such as airline tangibles under the SERVQUAL scale such as the cleanliness of the aircraft, the quality of food provided in the plane, the cleanliness of the planes seats and toilet seats and the quality of air-conditioning within the planes. Terminal tangibles will also be measured in the questionnaire such as the cleanliness of the airports toilets, the number of shops available in the airport, the availability of parking within the airport, the comfort of waiting lounges in the airport, the level of air conditioning within the airport and within the smoking areas, availability of trolleys in the airport and the number of passengers that the airport can hold at a given time (Parasuraman et al 1988). The questionnaire will also measure tangibles that are related to personnel within the airport such as the general attitude of airport staff, the responsiveness of airline staff, the level of personnel care accorded to every passenger, the level of empathy t hat airline personnel have to their passengers, the level of training and experience that the employees have, awareness of airport duties and the level of error-free reservations and transactions. Another item that will be measured in the questionnaire will be empathy where the punctuality of flight arrivals and departures will be measured as well as transportation to the airport (Nadiri et al 2008). Other items that will be measured under empathy will be compensation schemes available to passengers, the care of passenger’s luggage, number of flights available to passengers, the locations of airline offices within and outside the airport and the availability of health care services during the flight. The questionnaire will also include an image item that will be used to measure the general perception that the customer has of the image of the airline, the availability of low ticker prices and the consistency of airline ticket prices. Finally the questionnaire will include a cu stomer satisfaction item that will measure the satisfaction that the customer has with the airline, the impression that the customer has of whether the airline has improved and the general attitude of the customer towards the airline (Nadiri et al 2008).Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The questionnaire will also include an item that deals with loyalty of the customer towards Cyprus airlines by analysing the repurchase intentions of the customer such as whether they consider the airlines to be their first choice and whether they will continue to use the airline in the future. The responsiveness aspect of the SERVQUAL scale will also be measured in the questionnaire to ascertain whether the Cyprus airline industry is responding well to its customer’s needs. Each item in the questionnaire will be measured by a five-point Likert scale where the scale items, reliabilities and corrected item-total correlations will be used to analyse the results of the questionnaire. The SERVQUAL scale is suitable for this study as it measures the behavioural intentions of airlines and airline passenger by measuring customer satisfaction and the service quality dimensions that are included in the RATER scale (Parasuraman et al 1988). Through the consideration of Parasuraman et a l’s study on airline service quality and customer perceptions, several hypotheses for the study can be developed. The first hypothesis H1, based on the SERVQUAL scale will be a â€Å"high level of perceived reliability related to service quality will have a positive effect on customer satisfaction.† (Nadiri et al 2008) Another hypothesis that can be derived from the SERVQUAL scale, H2 will be â€Å"a high level of perceived assurance related to service quality will lead to positive effect on customer satisfaction. With regards to tangibles on the SERVQUAL scale the hypothesis H3, will be â€Å"a high level of perceived tangibles related to quality will have a significant impact on customer satisfaction. Hypothesis four which is related to customer empathy will be â€Å"a high level of perceived empathy related to service quality will have a significant effect on customer satisfaction and repurchase intentions (Nadiri et al 2008). The hypothesis that will be used to reflect the responsiveness of the airline industry in the SERVQUAL scale will be â€Å"a high level of perceived responsiveness will have a significant positive effect on customer satisfaction†. After the questionnaires have been filled, the study dimensions within the questionnaire will be related to the hypothesized relationships. The diagram below represents service quality dimensions of the SERVQUAL scale measured by airline tangibles (ATANG), terminal tangibles (TTANG), personnel (PER), empathy (EMP) and image (IMG) as well as their link with the hypothesized relationships within the study. The dimensions are represented by circles which demonstrate the independent and dependent variables of the study. The hypotheses demonstrated by the arrows are used to measure both customer satisfaction with the airlines in Cyprus and their repurchase intention (Nadiri et al 2008) (Source: Nadiri et al 2008) Primary and Secondary Research Data Research data can be collected from eith er primary sources of information or secondary sources of data. Primary data refers to information that has been collected by a researcher that has not been subjected to any forms of processing or manipulation. Primary data which is also known as raw data is the information that the researcher gathers as he continues to conduct his studies. Raw data is usually generated from experimentation and field studies where the researcher collects information that has not been previously collected by other researchers. For primary data to become information, it has to undergo selective extraction and analysis to ensure that it is suitable for presentation (Thyer 2010). Secondary data is information that has been collected by someone else apart from the user of the research. The most commonly used resources of secondary data comprise of surveys, questionnaires, census results, academic journals, articles, books, government records and data collected via qualitative or quantitative research. Se condary data is the most preferred source of data collection as it ensures that the researcher saves time while collecting the relevant information that pertains to the study. It also ensures that less time is spent in collecting quantitative data which requires the development of higher quality databases to capture quantitative information (Thyer 2010). The source of secondary data in quantitative research is from censuses, surveys and government statistics. The source of secondary data in qualitative research is derived from structured or non-structured interviews, observation, questionnaires and focus groups (Thyer 2010). The type of data collection method that will be used for this study will be secondary data sources such as journals, articles, websites, textbooks, statistics, reports and surveys that contain information qualitative and quantitative information based on previous studies and research work that has been conducted on service quality and customer satisfaction with particular focus on the airline industry. The use of secondary data will be important to the study as it will save on time and also ensure that the research has a strong theoretical background and framework based on previous research and theories. Research Design and Data Analysis Techniques The purpose of a research design is to determine whether the research questions of the study can be transformed into testable hypotheses. In selecting the most suitable research design, the researcher has to first assess the research questions of the study. Once the research questions have been developed, the researcher has the option of selecting various research methods to structure the research in a suitable way. The most commonly used research designs include experimental designs, non-experimental designs and quasi experimental research designs. The experimental research design involves the researcher actively trying to change the circumstances of the research while the non-experimental rese arch design involves the researcher studying two natural groups that are under conditions or circumstances that have not been manipulated (Creswell 2003) The quasi experiment research design is an observational study that is conducted on the subjects of a study who have not been randomly assigned to the groups that are understudy. In a quasi experiment people would be grouped according to the categories in which they fit in. The research design that will be used for the purposes of this study will be the non experimental research design as it ensures that the circumstances or conditions of the aspects or subjects that are understudy have not been manipulated or changed in anyway. The non experimental design will also ensure that a range of dependent and independent variables can be able to be measured by the researcher during the study such as the various dimensions of the SERVQUAL scale and the customer perception of service quality in Cyprus airlines (Creswell 2003). The data anal ysis technique that will be used to analyse the qualitative information within the research will be the constant comparison or grounded theory assesses secondary data sources to determine whether any indicators exist that can be used to explain the consistencies and differences in customer perceptions and service quality. The constant comparison method will also assess the various theoretical frameworks and conceptual backgrounds that exist in various research works that have been conducted on the topic that is understudy. It will also ensure that the researcher is able to compare the various works of researchers with regards to the airline industry in Cyprus (Ratcliff 2011). In analysing the qualitative information that has been collected in the study, the most suitable data analysis method that will be used to analyse the statistical measurements derived from the Likert scale will be the SPSS computer program which will provide a descriptive analysis of the standard deviations and frequencies that have been calculated for the five dimensions of the SERVQUAL scale which include airline tangibles, personnel, empathy, image and terminal tangibles. The psychometric properties of the collected data will also be measured on the basis of reliability, convergence and dimensionality. References Babbie, E., (2008) The basics of social research. Belmont, California: Thomson Higher Education, Print. Creswell, J., (2003) Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed method  approaches. London, UK: Sage Publications, Print. Nadiri, H., and Hussain, K., (2005) Diagnosing the zone of tolerance for hotel services.  Managing Service Quality. Vol.15, No. 3, pp 259-277. Nadiri, H., Hussain, K., Ekiz, E.H., and Erdogan, S., (2008). An investigation on the factors influencing passengers’ loyalty in the North Cyprus national airline.  Total Quality Management Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp 265-280. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A. and Berry, L.L. (1988) SERVQUAL: a multiple-tem scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, Vol.64, No.1, 00 12 -40. Ratcliff, D., (2011) Methods of data analysis in qualitative research. Web. Thyer, B., (2010)The handbook of social work research methods. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Print.

Why Robots Might Soon Replace Truck Drivers

Why Robots Might Soon Replace Truck Drivers There are 3.5 million truck drivers in this country. But forecasts indicate that over the next 10 years, 1.7 million truck drivers might be out of a job and replaced with robots- the powers that be claim that driverless trucks would be safer and cheaper than the human-driven versions. It’s not just truckers. Analysts predict that, due to innovation in AI software and robot technology, the global workforce is in for a major change. 80 million American jobs alone are at risk in the next 10 to 20 years.The Drawbacks for the IndustryIf these predictions turn out to be accurate, then America is in danger of losing one of the last good-paying middle class jobs that does not require a college degree. Sure, other jobs would be created to maintain a driverless network- to help out with â€Å"the fleet†- but that might look like 1 human worker to every 10 driverless robots workers.It could also spur enormous demonstrations across the country. Imagine truckers ringing state capito ls with their rigs, demanding their jobs not be replaced. Particularly given the fact that driverless trucks are thought much more likely to roll out much faster than driverless taxis or other cars. In May of 2015, a self-driving truck hit the road in Nevada. And a whole convoy successfully drove across Europe using a technology called platooning, which allows trucks to connect via WiFi, GPS, and cameras with a lead vehicle setting speeds for the entire fleet.Prepare for the InevitableThe bottom line is this: the technology exists. The only thing standing in the way of a driverless trucking fleet is regulation. But given that the switch could save the industry about $168 billion annually (and could save quite a few lives), that’s only a matter of time.As Andy Stern, the former president of the Services Employees International Union, recently said to The  Guardian, this should lead to a critical discussion of wages, welfare, and employment in America- and could certainly mor e than justify an UBI, or Universal basic income. â€Å"From a business person’s perspective,† Stern says, â€Å"it’s about risk management. Do you want to ride around in an armored car and have guards with you? Do you want the Hunger Games? Or do you want a more fair and just society?†

The Rise of China, its effect on Reshaping the Business Environment Essay

The Rise of China, its effect on Reshaping the Business Environment and how this Affects Multinational Enterprises - Essay Example Disadvantages include increased competition in the export market and increased competition for raw materials. In addition, it is unknown what China will be like as a world economic leader and what effects this will have on the rest of the world. Introduction The economic boom in China has resulted in continued significant growth to the Chinese economy and the growth is predicted to continue. Already China has the second strongest economy worldwide and projections indicate that this growth is likely to continue. Calculations suggest that by 2035 the economy of China will have completely overtaken that of the United States, who is the current economic world leader. As the economy of China continues to grow, there is already evidence of the country reshaping many economic variables and the environment for businesses. There are a large number of implications for businesses as a consequence of this growth particularly those which span multiple countries. A multinational enterprise (MNE) i s a corporation or enterprise that has its headquarters in one country, and operates in other countries also. This operation may be in terms of having distinct branches or stores in other countries, or it may mean outsourcing production or a portion of production to a different country. MNE’s vary significantly in size, with some being small, and others large, with budgets that are so large they exceed the gross domestic products of some countries. The countries in which MNE’s have their headquarters play an important role in the way in which they operate and their ability to generate revenue, however the international economic situation also plays a significant role. The rise of China has already significant affected economic relationships and trends internationally and there are strong indications that this trend will continue. As a consequence, the rise of China has many potential effects for MNEs including both positive and negative effects. The Economic Rise of Ch ina The financial crisis which has been affecting enterprises, governments and countries worldwide has provided significant opportunity for the economy of China to strengthen itself and emerge as one of the fastest developing economies worldwide. The economic boom that has caused this rise has been steady for four decades, and indications suggest that the rise is sustainable. Already it ranks as the second strongest worldwide economy, after that of the United States. It is the largest exporter of products worldwide, and the second largest importer of goods. It has been projected that the economy of China will be stronger than that of the US by 2035, and will be twice the size of the US economy by 2050 . The growth of China’s economy has always been independent of the US, having low growth when the US economy was soaring, and now growing rapidly as the US economy is having significant difficulties. As China is gaining economic strength and power internationally, the consequenc e is a shifting of economic power and the redistribution of economic linkages as well as the creation of new ones. The continued growth and development of China’s economy will eventually result in the displacement of the US as the predominant market economically, resulting reassessment and changes within all major economic markets worldwide. Before the financial crisis, China used an export model for its economy, exporting goods to

Refutation on Agassiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Refutation on Agassiz - Essay Example Although Agassiz started his work while still at the University, he won his reputation in the United States between the years 1807 and 1873 during his final studies of fossil fishes. This essay seeks to discuss the Agassiz theory and some of its refutation. The paper refutes the theory due to its insistence on the inclusion of glaciers, ‘threefold parallelism’ concept and its racist attitudes. That is because Darwin and other scientists argue that glacier is not the only force that has shaped geology worldwide and also all beings are equal. In the 1840’s Agassiz immigrated to America where he become a professor of comparative zoology at Harvard University (Wendel 162). It has been recorded that Agassiz was the first man to challenge and oppose Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. According to him, the theory is scientifically wrong since it is unable to show evidence of transformation of a fossil animal or plant to another or one kind of living to the other. Agassiz main reason for rejecting the Darwin’s theory was based on paleontology since the fossil records did not prop up the evolution. Though Agassiz has been closely associated with the development of the glacial theory, it has been identified that he did not develop it. According to Gould and Morey, the hypothesis was developed by Jens Esmark, Jean de Charpentier, and other natural scientists in the early 1800’s. He only made a little original contribution of expanding the concept of an ice age to a global catastrophe using analytical evidence. Besides, he also developed the idea of uniformitarianism to explain the development of the earth. Moreover, Agassiz borrowed some of the ideas from his theory of mass extinction so as to improve the glacial theory. These plans included the great ice age, climate change, and evolution, and the biblical flood. As a result, the glacial theory becomes widely accepted by most

Padini Holding Berhad Essay Example for Free

Padini Holding Berhad Essay 1.1 Background of the company Padini is a Malaysian-domiciled investment-holding company headquartered in HicomGlenmarie Industrial Park, Shah Alam. Incorporated in 1971 as proprietorship under the trade name Hwayo Garments Manufacturers Company, Padini was initially engaged in the manufacture and wholesale of ladies wear. The company subsequently added men’s and children’s lines to its offerings when it established its first three brands from 1975 – 1987. In 1988, Padini discarded its role as wholesaler to take up the role of consignor. Thereafter, the first single-brand store distributing Seed was opened in 1992 in Sungei Wang Plaza, Kuala Lumpur. The company has nine labels in its family of brands and retail in 330 freestanding stores, franchised outlets and consignment counters in Malaysia and around the world. The company’s subsidiaries include Vincci Ladies’ Specialties Centre Sdn. Bhd., which is engaged in dealing of ladies’ shoes and accessories; Padini C orporation Sdn Bhd., Seed Corporation Sdn. Bhd., Yee Fong Hung (Malaysia) SendirianBerhad (Yee Fong Hung) and Padini International Limited, which is engaged in dealing of garments and ancillary products; Padini Dot Com Sdn. Bhd. (Padini Dot Com), which is engaged in provision of management services, and Mikihouse Children’s Wear Sdn. Bhd. (Mikihouse), which is engaged in dealing of children’s garments, maternity wear and accessories. Tizio was introduced to the public with the opening of its first outlet in Mid Valley Megamall in Nov 2012 and subsequently in Paradigm Mall on 23 May 2013. Like almost all of the Group’s Brands, Tizio was developed in  -house by, and is registered to the group. Anticipate more presence from Tizio in the coming years as the brand has been slated to become an addition to the group’s portfolio of core brands.  On 5 March 1998, the group was listed on the Second Board of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad (Bursa) and thereafter, transferred to the Main Board on 4 August 2004. The Main and Second Boards merged on 3 August 2009. Major shareholders of the group as at 8 July 2013 are Pang Chaun Yong with 44% and Skim Amanah Saham Bumiputera with 5.0%.

Personality Theories Essay -- essays research papers Freud Psychology

Personality Theories   Table of Contents Freud Jung Adler Rogers Maslow Humanistic strengths and weakness Psychodynamic strengths and weakness Some similarities of both Web Resources Freud Biography Biography Sigmund Freud was born May 6, 1856, in a small town -- Freiberg -- in Moravia. His father was a wool merchant with a keen mind and a good sense of humor. His mother was a lively woman, her husband's second wife and 20 years younger. She was 21 years old when she gave birth to her first son, her darling, Sigmund. Sigmund had two older half-brothers and six younger siblings. When he was four or five -- he wasn't sure -- the family moved to Vienna, where he lived most of his life. A brilliant child, always at the head of his class, he went to medical school, one of the few viable options for a bright Jewish boy in Vienna those days. There, he became involved in research under the direction of a physiology professor named Ernst Brà ¼cke. Brà ¼cke believed in what was then a popular, if radical, notion, which we now call reductionism: "No other forces than the common physical-chemical ones are active within the organism." Freud would spend many years trying to "reduce" personality to neurology, a cause he later gave up on. Freud was very good at his research, concentrating on neurophysiology, even inventing a special cell-staining technique. But only a limited number of positions were available, and there were others ahead of him. Brà ¼cke helped him to get a grant to study, first with the great psychiatrist Charcot in Paris, then with his rival Bernheim in Nancy. Both these gentlemen were investigating the use of hypnosis with hysterics. After spending a short time as a resident in neurology and director of a children's ward in Berlin, he came back to Vienna, married his fiancà ©e of many years Martha Bernays, and set up a practice in neuropsychiatry, with the help of Joseph Breuer. Freud's books and lectures brought him both fame and ostracism from the mainstream of the medical community. He drew around him a number of very bright sympathizers who became the core of the psychoanalytic movement. Unfortunately, Freud had a penchant for rejecting people who did not totally agree with him. Some separated from him on friendly terms; others did not, and went on to found competing schools of thought. Freud emigrated to England j... ... capacity for a psychologically healthy human evolutionary process. These theorists are upbeat and positive about life and seem to have genuine empathy and liking for their fellow humankind. There were also some large theoretical differences observed among the theorists. 1. When is personality fixed ? Adler argued basic personality was fixed at age five, and Jung thought that the thirties and forties were an important time of intense personality development. 2. What is the goal of the personality theorist ? Cattell was in the traditional "understand and control" camp of psychology, while Carl Rogers argued it is pathological to try to control other peoples behavior. 3. What is the role of the client during treatment ? Here, we have seen somewhat of an evolution in treatment philosophy. Early theorists such as Jung and Freud were very directive in their therapy, and controlled much of the interpretations of thoughts and behaviors. More recently, theorists have tried to make the cl ient a full partner in the research, even to the point of having the client suggest solutions. Web Resources www.webster.edu www.mccc.edu www.reference.com www.wynja.com www.rpi.edu classweb.gmu.edu

Events in Czechoslovakia in 1938-1939 Essay

Ultimately, the events in Czechoslovakia in 1938-1939 played a major role in contributing to the outbreak of world war 2 as it ended the appeasement policy and led to Britain’s realization that war was the only solution. However, the nazi soviet pact is also a factor as it gave germany the confidence to invade Poland, a move that guaranteed war. After the anschluss, Czechoslovakia was next on hitler’s list of expansion. The Czech government felt threatened, and sought support from Britain and france should Hitler invade Czechoslovakia, and both Britain and france felt bound to help them. On 15 september 1938, Hitler told chamberlain that he would risk war to bring the Sudeten germans into germany. Chamberlain found his demands reasonable, and decided that areas in which more than half the population was germans should be handed over to Hitler. However on 22 sep Hitler stepped his demands and asked for the whole of Sudetenland. Originally, chamberlain rejected his demands. Eventually, in an attempt to avoid war, he, along with Mussolini and the prime minister of france decided that Sudetenland would be given to germany. This was known as the munich agreement (29 sep). Czechoslovakia was not consulted, and it had felt betrayed. Following that, Hitler then assured chamberlain that he had no further claims in Europe. However, in march 1939, Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovakia, showing that he could not be trusted. Following that, Britain and france both abandoned the appeasement policy and announced that it would declare war on germany in event that Hitler invaded Poland. However, the nazi soviet pact was also an extremely important factor as it enabled Hitler to avoid a two frontwar, and allowed him to continue to provoke the western countries as stalin now secured his eastern border. Hence, Hitler could now channel all his resources to fighting the western front. Hitler learnt 2 important lessons from the First World War. Firstly, the importance of the involvement of Russia if a Slavic nation was attacked and next the strain of having to fight a war on two fronts. Therefore, the nazi soviet pact was signed on 23 august 1939 where communist Russia agreed to remain neutral if Poland was attacked. It also contained a secret protocol whereby germany and Russia agreed to carve up Poland between them, with germany getting the western parts and Russia getting the eastern parts along with Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. With this, Hitler felt assured and proceeded to attack Poland, which unleashed the second world war. In analysis, the events in Czechoslovakia played an extremely significant role in contributing to the outbreak of war in 1939 as compared to the signing of the nazi soviet pact. The events in Czechoslovakia had laid the foundation for the outbreak of war, and it was after the invasion of Czech that led to Britain’s realization that hitler’s aims went way further than merely just redressing the wrongs of the Treaty of Versailles. It showed that Hitler aimed to dominate central Eastern Europe and British knew that war was the only solution in stopping him. Furthermore, the invasion of Czechoslovakia was so unjust that it gave Britain the high moral ground to â€Å"defend the right† without regard to self-interest. This was the point when Britain and France announced that they would declare war on Hitler were he to invade Poland. Although the nazi soviet pact did play a small role, it merely acted as the trigger for the invasion of Poland. Hitler’s invasion of Poland was inevitable, and the pact merely sped up the process. Rather, the decision of Britain and france to abandon appeasement and to defend Poland was made after the events in Czechoslovakia is 1938-1939, thus making it more crucial.

Marketers Persue the Shallow Pocketed

Is the information being discussed in this article another example of colonialism? Why or why not? Identify two potential positives and two negatives direct marketing of the poor has on people and their economies. What theory of development is most applicable to the expansion of global markets to poor, low income, and indigenous communities? After reading the information in chapter 8 and the information in the article, â€Å"Marketers pursue the shallow pocketed†, it is my conclusion that the information being discussed in this article is a clear example of colonialism.As stated in the textbook, Colonialism tended to deprive a society not only of its wealth and freedom, but also of its very character, leaving the local people intellectually and morally disoriented (Fanon, 1963), this is a lot like the article which shows that marketing to the poor has become a very hot subject. Identify two potential positives and two negatives direct marketing of the poor has on people and th eir economies. One positive thing that direct marketing of the poor has on people and their economies is that the people will be able to purchase items they need and want at lower prices.Another positive aspect of direct marketing is that the economy improves as more money is being spent. One of the negative aspects of direct marketing is that products will be provided in excess however the items may be of a lower quality, and the second negative aspect is that the poor people are being encouraged to purchase unnecessarily and perhaps overindulging in things that are not necessarily needed. RESOURCES: Nowak, B. , & Laird, P. , (2010), Cultural Anthropology- 8. 2: Modern States: Industrialization and the Global World: Economy   Retrieved from https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUANT101. 10. 2/sections/sec8. 2

Ritual Objects of Ancient Taino

Ritual Objects of Ancient Taino A zemà ­ (also zemi, zeme or cemi) is a collective term in the Caribbean Taà ­no (Arawak) culture for sacred thing, a spirit symbol or personal effigy. The Taà ­no were the people met by Christopher Columbus when he first set foot on the island of Hispaniola in the West Indies. To the Taà ­no, zemà ­ was/is an abstract symbol, a concept imbued with the power to alter circumstances and social relations. Zemis are rooted in ancestor worship, and although they are not always physical objects, those that have a concrete existence have a multitude of forms. The simplest and earliest recognized zemis were roughly carved objects in the form of an isosceles triangle (three-pointed zemis); but zemis can also be quite elaborate, highly detailed human or animal effigies embroidered from cotton or carved from sacred wood. Christopher Columbuss Ethnographer Elaborate zemà ­s were incorporated into ceremonial belts and clothing; they often had long names and titles, according to Ramà ³n Panà ©. Panà © was a friar of the Order of Jerome, who was hired by Columbus to live in Hispaniola between 1494 and 1498 and make a study of Taà ­no belief systems. Panà ©s published work is called Relacià ³n acerca de las antigà ¼edades de los indios, and it makes Panà © one of the earliest ethnographers of the new world. As reported by Panà ©, some  zemà ­s included bones or bone fragments of ancestors; some zemà ­s were said to speak to their owners, some made things grow, some made it rain, and some made the winds blow. Some of them were reliquaries, kept in gourds or baskets suspended from the rafters of communal houses. Zemis were guarded, venerated and regularly fed. Arieto ceremonies were held every year during which zemà ­s were draped with cotton clothing and offered baked cassava bread, and zemi origins, histories, and power were recited through songs and music. Three Pointed Zemà ­s Three-pointed zemà ­s, like the one illustrating this article, are commonly found in Taà ­no archaeological sites, as early as the Saladoid period of Caribbean history (500 BC-1 BC). These mimic a mountain silhouette, with the tips decorated with human faces, animals, and other mythical beings. Three-pointed zemà ­s are sometimes randomly dotted with circles or circular depressions. Some scholars suggest that three-pointed zemis imitate the shape of cassava tubers: cassava, also known as manioc, was an essential food staple and also an important symbolic element of Taà ­no life. The three-pointed zemis were sometimes buried in the soil of a garden. They were said, according to Panà ©, to help with the growth of the plants. The circles on the three-pointed zemà ­s may represent tuber eyes, germination points which may or may not develop into suckers or new tubers. Zemi Construction Artifacts representing zemà ­s were made from a wide range of materials: wood, stone, shell, coral, cotton, gold, clay and human bones. Among the most preferred material to make zemà ­s was wood of specific trees such as mahogany (caoba), cedar, blue mahoe, the lignum vitae or guyacan, which is also referred to as holy wood or wood of life. The silk cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra) was also important to Taà ­no culture, and tree trunks themselves were often recognized as zemà ­s. Wooden anthropomorphic zemà ­s have been found all over the Greater Antilles, especially Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, and the Dominican Republic. These figures often bear gold or shell inlays within the eye-inlets. Zemà ­ images were also carved on rocks and cave walls, and these images could also transfer supernatural power to landscape elements. Role of Zemis in Taino Society Possession of the elaborated zemà ­s by Taino leaders (caciques) was a sign of his/her privileged relations with the supernatural world, but zemis werent restricted to leaders or shamans. According to Father Panà ©, most of the Taà ­no people living on Hispaniola owned one or more zemà ­s. Zemis represented not the power of the person who owned them, but the allies the person could consult and venerate. In this way, zemis provided contact for every Taino person with the spiritual world. Sources Atkinson L-G. 2006. The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaica Taà ­no, University of the West Indies Press, Jamaica. de Hostos A. 1923. Three-pointed stone zemà ­ or idols from the West Indies: an interpretation. American Anthropologist 25(1):56-71. Hofman CL, and Hoogland MLP. 1999. Expansion of the Taà ­no cacicazgos towards the Lesser Antilles. Journal de la Socià ©tà © des Amà ©ricanistes 85:93-113. doi: 10.3406/jsa.1999.1731 Moorsink J. 2011. Social Continuity in the Caribbean Past: A Mai son-Perspective on Cultural Continuity. Caribbean Connections 1(2):1-12. Ostapkowicz J. 2013. ‘Made †¦ With Admirable Artistry’: The Context, Manufacture, and History of a Taà ­no Belt. The Antiquaries Journal 93:287-317. doi: 10.1017/S0003581513000188 Ostapkowicz J, and Newsom L. 2012. â€Å"Gods †¦ Adorned with the Embroiderers Needle†: The Materials, Making and Meaning of a Taà ­no Cotton Reliquary. Latin American Antiquity 23(3):300-326. doi: 10.7183/1045-6635.23.3.300 Saunders NJ. 2005. The Peoples of the Caribbean. An Encyclopedia of Archaeology and Traditional Culture. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California. Saunders NJ, and Gray D. 1996. Zemà ­s, trees, and symbolic landscapes: three Taà ­no carvings from Jamaica. Antiquity 70(270):801-812. doi: :10.1017/S0003598X00084076

Biography of Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz

Biography of Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz Chester Henry Nimitz (February 24, 1885–February 20, 1966) served as Commander in Chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet during World War II and was later promoted to the new rank of Fleet Admiral. In that role, he commanded all land and sea forces in the central Pacific area. Nimitz was responsible for the victories at Midway and Okinawa among others. In later years, he served as chief of naval operations for the United States. Fast Facts: Chester Henry Nimitz Known For: Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet during World War IIBorn: February 24, 1885 in Fredericksburg, TexasParents: Anna Josephine, Chester Bernhard NimitzDied: February 20, 1966 in Yerba Buena Island, San Francisco, CaliforniaEducation: U.S. Naval AcademyPublished Works: Sea Power, a Naval History (co-editor with E.B. Potter)Awards and Honors: (list includes only American decorations) Navy Distinguished Service Medal with three gold stars, Army Distinguished Service Medal,  Silver Lifesaving Medal, World War I Victory Medal,  Secretary of the Navy Commendation Star, American Defense Service Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, National Defense Service Medal with service star. In addition (among other honors) namesake of the USS  Nimitz, the first nuclear-powered supercarrier. The Nimitz Foundation funds the National Museum of the Pacific War and the Admiral Nimitz Museum, Fredericksburg, Texas.Spouse: Catherine Vance FreemanChildren: Cat herine Vance, Chester William Jr., Anna Elizabeth, Mary MansonNotable Quote: God grant me the courage not to give up what I think is right even though I think it is hopeless. Early Life Chester William Nimitz was born in Fredericksburg, Texas, on February 24, 1885, and was the son of Chester Bernhard and Anna Josephine Nimitz. Nimitzs father died before he was born and as a young man, he was influenced by his grandfather Charles Henry Nimitz, who had served as a merchant seaman. Attending Tivy High School in Kerrville, Texas, Nimitz originally wished to attend West Point but was unable to do so as no appointments were available. Meeting with Congressman James L. Slayden, Nimitz was informed that one competitive appointment was available to Annapolis. Viewing the U.S. Naval Academy as his best option for continuing his education, Nimitz devoted himself to studying and succeeded in winning the appointment. Annapolis Nimitz departed high school early to commence his naval career. Arriving at Annapolis in 1901, he proved an able student and showed a particular aptitude for mathematics. A member of the academys crew team, he graduated with distinction on January 30, 1905, ranked seventh in a class of 114. His class graduated early, as there was a shortage of junior officers due to the rapid expansion of the U.S. Navy. Assigned to the battleship USS Ohio (BB-12), he traveled to the Far East. Remaining in the Orient, he later served aboard the cruiser USS Baltimore. In January 1907, having completed the required two years at sea, Nimitz was commissioned as an ensign. Submarines Diesel Engines Leaving the USS Baltimore, Nimitz received command of the gunboat USS Panay in 1907 before moving on to assume command of the destroyer USS Decatur. While conning Decatur on July 7, 1908, Nimitz grounded the ship on a mud bank in the Philippines. Though he rescued a seaman from drowning in the wake of the incident, Nimitz was court-martialed and issued a letter of reprimand. Returning home, he was transferred to the submarine service in early 1909. Promoted to lieutenant in January 1910, Nimitz commanded several early submarines before being named Commander, 3rd Submarine Division, Atlantic Torpedo Fleet in October 1911. Ordered to Boston the following month to oversee the fitting out of USS Skipjack (E-1), Nimitz received a Silver Lifesaving Medal for rescuing a drowning sailor in March 1912. Leading the Atlantic Submarine Flotilla from May 1912 to March 1913, Nimitz was assigned to oversee the construction of diesel engines for the tanker USS Maumee. While in this assignment, he married Catherine Vance Freeman in April 1913. That summer, the U.S. Navy dispatched Nimitz to Nuremberg, Germany and Ghent, Belgium to study diesel technology. Returning, he became one of the services foremost experts on diesel engines. World War I Re-assigned to Maumee, Nimitz lost part of his right ring finger while demonstrating a diesel engine. He was only saved when his Annapolis class ring jammed the engines gears. Returning to duty, he was made the ships executive officer and engineer upon its commissioning in October 1916. With the U.S. entry into World War I, Nimitz oversaw the first underway refuelings as Maumee aided the first American destroyers crossing the Atlantic to the war zone. Now a lieutenant commander, Nimitz returned to submarines on August 10, 1917, as an aide to Rear Admiral Samuel S. Robinson, commander of the U.S. Atlantic Fleets submarine force. Made Robinsons chief of staff in February 1918, Nimitz received a letter of commendation for his work. The Interwar Years With the war winding down in September 1918, he saw duty in the office of the Chief of Naval Operations and was a member of the Board of Submarine Design. Returning to sea in May 1919, Nimitz was made executive officer of the battleship USS South Carolina (BB-26). After brief service as the commander of USS Chicago and Submarine Division 14, he entered the Naval War College in 1922. After graduating he became chief of staff to Commander, Battle Forces and later Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Fleet. In August 1926, Nimitz traveled to the University of California-Berkeley to establish a Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps Unit. Promoted to captain on June 2, 1927, Nimitz departed Berkeley two years later to take command of Submarine Division 20. In October 1933, he was given command of the cruiser USS Augusta. Principally serving as flagship of the Asiatic Fleet, he remained in the Far East for two years. Arriving back in Washington, Nimitz was appointed Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Navigation. After a brief time in this role, he was made Commander, Cruiser Division 2, Battle Force. Promoted to rear admiral on June 23, 1938, he was transferred to be Commander, Battleship Division 1, Battle Force that October. World War II Begins Coming ashore in 1939, Nimitz was selected to serve as Chief of the Bureau of Navigation. He was in this role when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Ten days later, Nimitz was selected to replace Admiral Husband Kimmel as Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Traveling west, he arrived at Pearl Harbor on Christmas Day. Officially taking command on December 31, Nimitz immediately began efforts to rebuild the Pacific Fleet and halt the Japanese advance across the Pacific. Coral Sea and Midway On March 30, 1942, Nimitz was also made Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas giving him control of all Allied forces in the central Pacific. Initially operating on the defensive, Nimitzs forces won a strategic victory at the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942, which halted Japanese efforts to capture Port Moresby, New Guinea. The following month, they scored a decisive triumph over the Japanese at the Battle of Midway. With reinforcements arriving, Nimitz shifted to the offensive and began a protracted campaign in the Solomon Islands in August, centered on the capture of Guadalcanal. After several months of bitter fighting on land and sea, the island was finally secured in early 1943. While General Douglas MacArthur, Commander-in-Chief, Southwest Pacific Area, advanced through New Guinea, Nimitz began a campaign of island hopping across the Pacific. Rather than engage sizable Japanese garrisons, these operations were designed to cut them off and let them wither on the vine. Moving from island to island, Allied forces used each as a base for capturing the next. Island Hopping Beginning with Tarawa in November 1943, Allied ships and men pushed through the Gilbert Islands and into the Marshalls capturing Kwajalein and Eniwetok. Next targeting Saipan, Guam, and Tinian in the Marianas, Nimitzs forces succeeded in routing the Japanese fleet at the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944. Capturing the islands, Allied forces next fought a bloody battle for Peleliu and then secured Angaur and Ulithi. To the south, elements of the U.S. Pacific Fleet under Admiral William Bull Halsey won a climactic fight at the Battle of Leyte Gulf in support of MacArthurs landings in the Philippines. On December 14, 1944, by Act of Congress, Nimitz was promoted to the newly created rank of Fleet Admiral (five-star). Shifting his headquarters from Pearl Harbor to Guam in January 1945, Nimitz oversaw the capture of Iwo Jima two months later. With airfields in the Marianas operational, B-29 Superfortresses began bombing the Japanese home islands. As part of this campaign, Nimitz ordered the mining of Japanese harbors. In April, Nimitz began the campaign to capture Okinawa. After an extended fight for the island, it was captured in June. End of the War Throughout the war in the Pacific, Nimitz made effective use of his submarine force, which conducted a highly effective campaign against Japanese shipping. As Allied leaders in the Pacific were planning for the invasion of Japan, the war came to an abrupt end with the use of the atom bomb in early August. On September 2, Nimitz was aboard the battleship USS Missouri (BB-63) as part of the Allied delegation to receive the Japanese surrender. The second Allied leader to sign the Instrument of Surrender after MacArthur, Nimitz signed as the representative of the United States. Postwar With the conclusion of the war, Nimitz departed the Pacific to accept the position of Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). Replacing Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King, Nimitz took office on December 15, 1945. During his two years in office, Nimitz was tasked with scaling back the U.S. Navy to a peacetime level. To accomplish this, he established a variety of reserve fleets to ensure that an appropriate level of readiness was maintained despite reductions in the strength of the active fleet. During the Nuremberg Trial of German Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz in 1946, Nimitz produced an affidavit in support of the use of unrestricted submarine warfare. This was a key reason why the German admirals life was spared and a relatively short prison sentence was given. During his term as CNO, Nimitz also advocated on behalf of the U.S. Navys relevancy in the age of atomic weapons and pushed for continuing research and development. This saw Nimitz support Captain Hyman G. Rickovers early proposals to convert the submarine fleet to nuclear power and resulted in the construction of USS Nautilus. Retiring from the U.S. Navy on December 15, 1947, Nimitz and his wife settled in Berkeley, California. Later Life On January 1, 1948, Nimitz was appointed to the largely ceremonial role of Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Navy in the Western Sea Frontier. Prominent in the San Francisco-area community, he served as a regent of the University of California from 1948 to 1956. During this time, he worked to restore relations with Japan and helped lead fundraising efforts for the restoration of the battleship Mikasa, which had served as Admiral Heihachiro Togos flagship at the 1905 Battle of Tsushima. Death In late 1965, Nimitz suffered a stroke that was later complicated by pneumonia. Returning to his home on Yerba Buena Island, Nimitz died on February 20, 1966. Following his funeral, he was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno, California.

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Land Law - Essay Example Part of the agreement signed with the tenants reads that he is not intending to create a tenancy. However, Peter signs documents detailing his relationship with the new occupants of the flats. He then considers selling the townhouse, and gets a suitable buyer in Joan. For Joan to purchase the townhouse, matters of the relationship between Peter and the current occupiers of the house are vital and she must evaluate them conclusively, concurrently projecting patterns of actions in view of legal inhibitors and enablers. In this paper I have looked deeply into the relationship between Peter and the existing tenants of his property, in order to establish whether, indeed, there is no effective tenancy agreement between him and the â€Å"occupants† as the agreement detailing their relationship deemed. Further, details of the types of tenancy available to Peter at the time he signed the agreements with the tenants and the implications they have are discussed. The fact that the townhouse is a freehold puts to rest any matters about eligibility of the sale, especially considering that no details of mortgages/ loans, or joint ownership are provided. Such matters would likely complicate the sale process. To begin with, Joan needs to study and establish the legality of the agreements signed between Peter and the present occupiers of the house. But before she can recover any documents from the seller, she has substantial background to base her claim to either evict or not to evict the tenants. In this part, I have provided enlightening notes on the types of tenancy available to the present occupiers, and the implications of each to the buyer in her pursuit for their eviction. In the pursuit of her right to evict the tenants, Joan needs to understand the types of tenants that she will be dealing with, and how much protection they have under law. In establishing whether a tenancy really exists between a

Describe and evaluate two approaches to the treatment of Essay

Describe and evaluate two approaches to the treatment of self-defeating behaviour - Essay Example Thus eventually it results in failure in accomplishing the said objective which amounts to individual frustration. The event of losing confidence culminates in the failure of each of the different tasks taken by such person even if one possesses the optimum potency in completing the desired task. Psychologists have outlined some basic traits which help them to understand the emergence of the Self-Defeating Syndrome. Persons with such syndromes would try to evade the final completion of any particular task undertaken by him or her. These people generally feel outweighed by the amount of tasks entrusted on them which leads to tension and frustration. The losing of trust over oneself makes the persons deny any possible suggestions rendered by other people to help in the solving of the task. These people behave pessimistically and thus happen to fall short of meeting tasks on time. All such above factors make the person take resort to addictions to reduce the amount of frustration in the m and create a vicious environment. Continuous negative behavioral impulses like lack of attention or lack of proper attendance results in loss of work. (Merriment, n.d.). Origins and Causes of Self-Defeating Behaviour Psychologists state many reasons that lead to the emergence of Self Defeating Behavior Syndrome. ... This sense of inferiority developed in their minds amounts to making them all the more depressed and outweighs their potency. Further the lowering of their self confidence also greatly impacts their interpersonal skills which socially exclude them from their external environment. The factors of social exclusion limit the interactive sphere of the people which thereby amounts to events like severe depression and frustration. The people suffering from this psychiatric syndrome also reflect a negative belief about other people dwelling in the external environment. This amounts to restraining oneself from mixing with others which again amounts in increasing the element of frustration in them. High amount of social exclusion in these patients makes the people get outdated about the different social developments taking place resulting in loss of efficiency and competency. (Slusher & Anderson, 1989, pp. 11-14). The increase in the element of frustration and depression among individuals in d ifferent countries has made them to increasingly take resort to things like drug and alcohol to reduce the effect of the tensions. However, in the other way round taking increased resort to such objects make them feel more defeated and decreases their potencies. (Gallozzi, n.d.). In addition to the above factors some previous psychological effects also lead to the emergence of Self-Defeating Behavior among individuals. Psychologists observe that certain traumatic factors affecting early childhood of different individuals amount to create a mental blockage in their minds for which they exhibit the lack of confidence in their activities and also in mingling with other individuals. Early childhood trauma restricts the personality growth and development of the individuals